Chapter 1 & 8: What is Science & Atoms and Periodic Properties

Properties

qualities or attributes that, taken together, are usually unique to an object; for example, color, texture, and size

referent

referring to or thinking of a property in terms of another, more familiar object

measurement

the process of comparing a property of an object to a well-defined and agreed-upon referent

unit

in measurement, a well-defined and agreed-upon referent

standard unit

a measurement unit established as the standard upon which the value of the other referent units of the same type are based

kilogram

Which of the following standard unit is defined in terms of an object as opposed to an event?

data

measurement information used to describe something

quantities

measured properties; includes the numerical value of the measurement and the unit used in the measurement

equation

a statement that describes a relationship in which quantities on one side of the equal sign are identical to quantities on the other side

Variables

changing quantities usually represented by a letter or symbol

hypothesis

a tentative explanation of a phenomenon that is compatible with the data and provides a framework for understanding and describing that phenomenon

controlled experiment

an experiment that allows for a comparison of two events that are identical in all but one respect

scientific law

a relationship between quantities, usually described by an equation in the physical sciences; is more important and describes a wider range of phenomena than a scientific principle

model

mental or physical representation of something that cannot be observed directly that is usually used as an aid to understanding

theory

a broad, detailed explanation that guides the development of hypotheses and interpretations of experiments in a field of study

Pseudoscience

use of the appearance of science to mislead; the assertions made are not valid or reliable

electron

subatomic particle that has the smallest negative charge possible and usually found in an orbital of an atom, but gained or lost when atoms become ions

electricity

The electron was discovered through experiments with

nucleus

tiny, relatively massive and positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons; the small, dense center of an atom

proton

subatomic particle that has the smallest possible positive charge, usually found in the nucleus of an atom

neutron

neutral subatomic particle usually found in the nucleus of an atom

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

isotope

atoms of an element with identical chemical properties but with different masses; isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

atomic mass unit

relative mass unit (u) of an isotope based on the standard of the carbon-12 isotope, which is defined as a mass of exactly 12.00 u; one atomic mass unit (1 u) is 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom

atomic weight

weighted average of the masses of stable isotopes of an element as they occur in nature, based on the abundance of each isotope of the element and the atomic mass of the isotope compared to carbon-12

mass number

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus defines the mass number of an atom; used to identify isotopes; for example, uranium 238

quanta

fixed amounts; usually referring to fixed amounts of energy absorbed or emitted by matter (singular, quantum)

representative elements

name given to the members of the A-group families of the periodic table; also called the main-group elements

transition elements

members of the B-group families of the periodic table

electron dot notation

notation made by writing the chemical symbol of an element with dots around the symbol to indicate the number of outer orbital electrons

semiconductors

elements that have properties between those of a metal and those of a nonmetal, sometimes conducting an electric current and sometimes acting like an electric insulator depending on the conditions and their purity; also called metalloids

8

How many outer shell electrons do atoms represented on the far right-hand side of the periodic table have

electrons

An ion is an atom that has additional

oribital

The space in which it is probable that an electron will be found is described by a(n)

four color lines

Hydrogen, with its one electron, produces a line spectrum in the visible light range with

empty space

According to Rutherford’s calculations, the volume of an atom is mostly

some alpha particles were deflected by metal foil

The existence of a tiny massive, and positively charged nucleus was deduced from the observation that

subtract the atomic number from the mass number

If you want to know the number of neutrons in an atom of a given element, you

the same number of protons and neutrons but different number of neutrons

two different isotopes of the same element have

the charge-to-mass ratio was the same for all materials

Thomson was convinced that he had discovered a subatomic particle, the electron, from the evidence that

electricity

The electron was discovered through experiments with

measurement

The process of comparing a property of an object to a well-defined and agreed-upon referent is called the process of

The height of an average person is closest to

kilogram

Which of the following standard units is defined in terms of an object as opposed to an event

500 g

One-half liter of water has a mass of

g

A cubic centimeter (cm³) of water has a mass of about 1

how much space an object occupies

The property of volume is a measure of

decreases

As the volume of a cube becomes larger and larger, the surface-area-to-volume ratio

All of the above

A scientific law can be expressed as

the same

If you consider a very small portion of a material that is the same throughout, the density of the small sample will be

called variables.

Measured properties that can have different values at different times are

is a proportionality constant.

If equation V = tk is used to describe the relationship between how much fuel a gas tank can hold and the time required to fill it, the symbol "k"

are in direct proportion.

When two variables increase or decrease together in the same ratio they

density

Suppose a cube of Jello is cut into two pieces. What property stays the same comparing the original piece with one of the new pieces?

experimental evidence.

The basic means of acquiring understanding in the sciences is

reliable

Experiments that repeatedly show the same results consistently are best described as being

hypothesis

A carefully constructed scientific explanation which requires further experimentation is called a

The chunk of iron is smaller than the chunk of aluminum.

Imagine a 10 g chunk of aluminum (ρ = 2.7 g/cm³) and a 10 g chunk of iron (ρ = 7.9 g/cm³). Which of the following is true?

kilogram

The SI standard unit for mass is the

inverse

What is the proportional relationship between the number of cookies in a cookie jar and the time you have been eating the cookies?

direct

A car uses 1 gallon of gasoline to travel 10 miles, 2 gallons of gasoline to travel 20 miles, and 3 gallons of gasoline to travel 30 miles. What is the proportional relationship between the gallons of gasoline used and the distance a car can travel?

a hypothesis

After years of observing, a homemaker concluded "Ugly rugs never wear out." This person has made a statement that is

Conduct a controlled experiment.

According to the scientific method, what needs to be done to move beyond conjecture or simple hypotheses in a person's understanding of their physical surroundings?

elements always combined in certain fixed ratios.

John Dalton reasoned that atoms exist from the evidence that

protons

The atomic number of an element is the total number of

All of the choices are correct.

Neutral atoms of a given element have the same

emit characteristic frequencies of light.

Atoms electrically excited in an incandescent gas

electrons could only gain or lose specific amounts of energy in hydrogen atoms.

Noting that the spectra of glowing hydrogen always shows the same pattern was evidence supporting the idea that

considers the electron to behave as a wave.

The modern quantum mechanical model of the atom differs from the classical Bohr model in that it

transition metals.

Using the diagram showing a periodic table, elements in the block labeled "b" are called

d

Using the diagram showing a periodic table, elements in which block are most likely to form ions with -1 charge?

an isotope of carbon, which is assigned a mass of 12.

The mass of any given isotope is based on the mass of

different masses and the same chemical behavior.

The isotopes of a given element always have

all of the choices are correct

Niels Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom

orbitals

According to the quantum mechanical model, electrons exist in

considers the electron as a wave.

The quantum mechanical model of the atom differs from the Bohr model in that it

verified in diffraction experiments with a beam of electrons.

The proposal that matter, like light, exhibits wavelike behavior was