Ib Biology

An atom that has gained an electron

ion

A positively charged ion

Cation

A negatively charged ion

Anion

Carbon has an atomic number of

6

Carbon can form up to ___ covalent bonds

4

Why does carbon's bonding ability makes it especially important to living organisms?

Its four covalent bonds allow it to bond with other atoms, creating complex molecules.

Non polar Covalent Bond

-Electrons are shared unequally

-Strong

-Lipids/Fats

Polar Covalent Bond

-Electrons are unevenly shared

-Strong

-Water

Ionic Bond

-An electron is removed or added

-Strong

-Sodium

Hydrogen bond

-Sharing,losing gaining

-Weak

-Water

Why is a hydrogen bond not considered a true covalent/ionic bond?

Hydrogen bonds are only between hydrogen and another electro negative atom, it does not involve the complete transfer of electrons.

Identify the type of carbon structure represented.

A. CH₃–CH₂–CH₂–CH₃

Straight change alkane

A carbon chain with a smaller carbon chain branching from its middle

Alkane

A carbon chain whose ends are connected to form a loop

Cyclic compound.

A molecule containing several connected carbon rings

Steroid

What is the OH? What is it’s important property? Biological example?

-Hydroxyl Group

-High polarity

-Glucose

What is the CH3? Important property? One biological example?

-Methyl Group

-Hydrophobic

-DNA

What is this?

-Carboxyll group (When carbon is double bonded to O, and single bonded to hydroxyl group (OH)

-Strong polarity

-Amino Acids

What is the H2N? Important property? Biological example?

-Amino (Nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms)

-Allowing it to accept protons and become positively charged

-Amino acids.

What is the red molecule? Important property? Biological example?

-Phosphate group (One phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms)

-Polar and hydrophilliyc because of net negative charges

-ATP

Monomer

A small, basic molecule that can chemically bond with other similar molecules to create a large, chain-like structure known as a polymer

Polymer

A large molecule made of many smaller, repeating chemical units called monomers linked together in long chains

Condensation reaction

-molecules combine to form a single larger molecule while releasing water.

-Anabolic reaction

-ATP required

Hyrolysis reaction.

-A chemical process where water is consumed to break the chemical bonds of a larger molecule, splitting it into smaller parts

-Catabolic

-Break down compley polymers

Monosaccharide

-Carbohydrate

-Simple sugars

-Short term energy

Polysaccharide

-Carbohydrate

-Lipids, fats

-Long term energy storage

-More branching, meaning they are better for long energy.

Triglyceride

-Fat

-Central glycerol connected to 3 fatty acids

Phospholipid

-Long chains of simple sugars

Saturated fatty acid

Unsaturated fatty acid

-SFA- contains no double bonds between carbon atoms

-UFA- contains one or more double bonds in their carbon chain, creating kinks.