First Peoples and New France Unit Test

Champlain

French, “father of New France”, founded Quebec City in 1608

Cabot

Italian, explored coast of North America for the English in 1497

Cartier

French, claimed Canada for France in the 16th century

Columbus

Italian, arrived in 1492 under the Spanish, explored Caribbean

Carleton

British governor of Quebec (Lord Dorchester, Guy Carleton)

Ericson

Norse/Viking, first European to reach North America

Hudson

English, voyaged to North America, goal to find NorthWest Passage, holds hudson bay, river and strait

Talon

First Intendant of New France, 17th century

Radisson

French, fur trader, co-founder of Hudson Bay Company

Groseilliers

French, fur trader, other co founder of HBC

Evangeline

Heroine of Longfellows poem, Acadian fictional women searches for lost love gabriel, seperated during acadian expulsion

Montcalm

French general during 7yr war and battle of quebec

Wolfe

British general- victorious at battle of quebec in 1759

Dekanawida

visionary leader- founded Iroquois Confederacy

La Verendrye

French-Canadian explorer, expanded French influence to West Canada

Murray

British military officer, first civil governor of Quebec province

Wendat

Huron, trade networks, allianced with French

Haudenosaunee Confederacy

Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga

Nehiyawak

cree, largest canadian indigenous group

1000

vikings arrive in newfoundland

1608

quebec is built by the french

1649

huronia is destroyed by the Iroquois

1755

acadians are deported by british

1763

new france is transferred by british control

intendant

managed colonys economy, justice and infrastructure

governer

represented by the king of france, handled military and diplomacy

chancellor

legal advisor in france but not part of new france’s government (not a real position in sovereign council)

bishop

led the church, oversaw religious matters and education

sovereign of new france

government of new france; managing laws, economy,and administration. includes intendant, governer, and bishop=all under king of france

reasons for european exploration

search for new trade routes (spices, silk, wealth)

spread christianity (missionary work)

expand empires (territories, resources)

northwest passage

theoretical sea route through north america, hoped to provide direct access to asia. never found

colony

territory by a foreign power

colonization

process of establishing settlement in foreign lands to control resources, trade, and people

terra nullius

latin for “land belonging to no one.” used by europeans to justify taking land from indigenous peoples by claiming it was unclaimed

champlain bio

samuel de champlain= founder of quebec (1608) known as the “father of new france” explored and mapped parts of canada, established relationships with indigenous nations

jesuits (black robes)

catholic priests who came to new france to convert indigenous peoples to christiany

coureurs de bois (runners of the woods)

french fur traders who lived and traveled in the wilderness, often forming partnerships with indigenous groups

filles du roi (kings daughters)

french women sent to new france in 1660s to marry settlers and populate colony

differences between french and british colonial system

french=focused on trade and alliances with indigenous peoples, small settlements, and missionary work

british=focused on settling large numbers of people, building towns, and exploiting resources

seigneurial system (new france)

landowning system where wealthy landowners (seigneurs) rented land to farmers (habitants) in exhange for rent and labor, this shaped the settlement patterns of new france

sovereign council (new france)

government system of new france; made up governer (military), indendant (economy), and bishop (church) all reporting to king of france

acadian expulsion

in 1755 british forcibly removed thousands of acadians. (french settlers in nova scotia) due to fears they would side with the french during 7 yrs war

plains of abraham

site of battle of quebec (1759) where british forces defeated the french leading to british control of new france

explorer to go up st lawrence river to claim for france during 1530s

cartier

religion spiritual beliefs

indigenous= believed in animism, the idea that everything (animal plants and objects) has a spirit. strong connection to nature

europeans= mostly christian, focus on monotheistic belief in one God. emphasized religious institutions

technology

indig= tools made from natural materials like stone, bone, and wood. skilled in crafting canoes, traps, and clothing.

europeans= advanced tech in navigation (ships, compasses) and weaponary (guns, cannons)

warfare

indig= often focused on raids and guerilla style tactics. some groups had a deep respect for prisoners

europ= more organized and strategic in warfare, using guns and cannons

social structure (web vs pyramid)

indig= often had web like structure= clans or tribes that were interconnected and decisions were by consensus or council

europ= had a pyramid structure= centralized heirachial leadership with clear classes (king, nobolity, peasants_

property ownership/ wealth

indig= land was not owned by individuals; was shared by community. wealth was measured in terms of trade goods and honor

europ= had a strong sense of private property and wealth based on land gold and material possesions

resource use

indig= focused on sustainable use of natural resources, taking only what was needed and honoring the land

europ= more likely to exploit resources for profit, particularly through farming, mining and logging

learning and education

indig= knowledge was passed down orally through storytelling, myths, and traditions. elder councils played large role in education too

europ= education was structured, often based on formal schooling and religious teachings

fur trades

indig=played key role in fur trade, acting as traders and intermediaries between european settlers and other indigenous groups

europeans= acted as traders, establishing fur trading posts and exporting goods like guns metal tools and cloth

values

indig= valued community cooperation, respect for nature, harmony between people and land

europ= valued individualism, hierarchy, and material wealth

government/ leadership

indig= leadership was consensual= elders, chiefs, or councils made decisions effectively

europ=monarchies or colonial government with centralized (eg governors)

settlement patterns, community structures

indig= settlements were often mobile (nomadic) or semi- permanent, focused on natural resources

europ= settled in permanent towns and villages, focused on agriculture and defense

migration to north america (when, why)

indig= migrated across bering strait land bridge from asia around 12000-15000yrs ago. they came for hunting gathering and following animal migrations

europ= began migrating in late 1400s seeking trade routes land and religious freedom