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Champlain
French, “father of New France”, founded Quebec City in 1608
Cabot
Italian, explored coast of North America for the English in 1497
Cartier
French, claimed Canada for France in the 16th century
Columbus
Italian, arrived in 1492 under the Spanish, explored Caribbean
Carleton
British governor of Quebec (Lord Dorchester, Guy Carleton)
Ericson
Norse/Viking, first European to reach North America
Hudsom
English, voyaged to North America, goal to find NorthWest Passage, holds hudson bay, river and strait
Talon
First Intendant of New France, 17th century
Radisson
French, fur trader, co-founder of Hudson Bay Company
Groseilliers
French, fur trader, other co founder of HBC
Evangeline
Heroine of Longfellows poem, Acadian fictional women searches for lost love gabriel, seperated during acadian expulsion
Montcalm
French general during 7yr war and battle of quebec
Wolfe
British general- victorious at battle of quebec in 1759
Dekanawida
visionary leader- founded Iroquois Confederacy
La Verendrye
French-Canadian explorer, expanded French influence to West Canada
Murray
British military officer, first civil governor of Quebec province
Wendat
Huron, trade networks, allianced with French
Haudenosaunee Confederacy
Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga
Nehiyawak
cree, largest canadian indigenous group
1000
vikings arrive in newfoundland
1608
quebec is built by the french
1649
huronia is destroyed by the Iroquois
1755
acadians are deported by british
1763
new france is transferred by british control
intendant
managed colonys economy, justice and infrastructure
governer
represented by the king of france, handled military and diplomacy
chancellor
legal advisor in france but not part of new france’s government (not a real position in sovereign council)
bishop
led the church, oversaw religious matters and education
sovereign of new france
government of new france; managing laws, economy,and administration. includes intendant, governer, and bishop=all under king of france
reasons for european exploration
search for new trade routes (spices, silk, wealth)
spread christianity (missionary work)
expand empires (territories, resources)
northwest passage
theoretical sea route through north america, hoped to provide direct access to asia. never found
colony
territory by a foreign power
colonization
process of establishing settlement in foreign lands to control resources, trade, and people
terra nullius
latin for “land belonging to no one.” used by europeans to justify taking land from indigenous peoples by claiming it was unclaimed
champlain bio
samuel de champlain= founded of quebec (1608) known as the “father of new france” explored and mapped parts of canada, established relationships with indigenous nations
jesuits (black robes)
catholic priests who came to new france to convert indigenous peoples to christiany
coureurs de bois (runners of the woods)
french fur traders who lived and traveled in the wilderness, often forming partnerships with indigenous groups
filles du roi (kings daughters)
french women sent to new france in 1660s to marry settlers and populate colony
differences between french and british colonial system
french=focused on trade and alliances with indigenous peoples, small settlements, and missionary work
british=focused on settling large numbers of people, building towns, and exploiting resources
seigneurial system (new france)
landowning system where wealthy landowners (seigneurs) rented land to farmers (habitants) in exhange for rent and labor, this shaped the settlement patterns of new france
sovereign council (new france)
government system of new france; made up governer (military), indendant (economy), and bishop (church) all reporting to king of france
acadian expulsion
in 1755 british forcibly removed thousands of acadians. (french settlers in nova scotia) due to fears they would side with the french during 7 yrs war
plains of abraham
site of battle of quebec (1759) where british forces defeated the french leading to british control of new france
explorer to go up st lawrence river to claim for france during 1530s
cartier
religion spiritual beliefs
indigenous= believed in animism, the idea that everything (animal plants and objects) has a spirit. strong connection to nature
europeans= mostly christian, focus on monotheistic belief in one God. emphasized religious institutions
technology
indig= tools made from natural materials like stone, bone, and wood. skilled in crafting canoes, traps, and clothing.
europeans= advanced tech in navigation (ships, compasses) and weaponary (guns, cannons)
warfare
indig= often focused on raids and guerilla style tactics. some groups had a deep respect for prisoners
europ= more organized and strategic in warfare, using guns and cannons
social structure (web vs pyramid)
indig= often had web like structure= clans or tribes that were interconnected and decisions were by consensus or council
europ= had a pyramid structure= centralized heirachial leadership with clear classes (king, nobolity, peasants_
property ownership/ wealth
indig= land was not owned by individuals; was shared by community. wealth was measured in terms of trade goods and honor
europ= had a strong sense of private property and wealth based on land gold and material possesions
resource use
indig= focused on sustainable use of natural resources, taking only what was needed and honoring the land
europ= more likely to exploit resources for profit, particularly through farming, mining and logging
learning and education
indig= knowledge was passed down orally through storytelling, myths, and traditions. elder councils played large role in education too
europ= education was structured, often based on formal schooling and religious teachings
fur trades
indig=played key role in fur trade, acting as traders and intermediaries between european settlers and other indigenous groups
europeans= acted as traders, establishing fur trading posts and exporting goods like guns metal tools and cloth
values
indig= valued community cooperation, respect for nature, harmony between people and land
europ= valued individualism, hierarchy, and material wealth
government/ leadership
indig= leadership was consensual= elders, chiefs, or councils made decisions effectively
europ=monarchies or colonial government with centralized (eg governors)
settlement patterns, community structures
indig= settlements were often mobile (nomadic) or semi- permanent, focused on natural resources
europ= settled in permanent towns and villages, focused on agriculture and defense
migration to north america (when, why)
indig= migrated across bering strait land bridge from asia around 12000-15000yrs ago. they came for hunting gathering and following animal migrations
europ= began migrating in late 1400s seeking trade routes land and religious freedom
