BIO immune system

What are the 2 parts of the immune system?

non specific (innate), specific (adaptive)

What is non specific immunity first line of defense?

• 1 physical barrier

• ex) skin, mucous membranes, cilia

• 2 chemical barriers

• ex) oil, sweat, saliva, urine, secretion

• 3 resident bacteria

• ex) microbial antagonism, e. Coli

fever

body temp above the normal range, increased healing (b/c metabolism), liver & spleen hold zinc & iron, pathogen denature

Complement system

• protein system that can aid in the body’s defenses

1. Increase phagocytosis

2.  Increase inflammation locally

3.  Membrane attack complex (MAC)

Membrane attack complex

poke holes in pathogen

Interferon

proteins that “interfere” with viral replication cell, made by dying cell, for non-infected cell

What is specific immunity? (adaptive)

• Not born with it

• Must be introduced to pathogens

• Never forget a face

• Always remember surface protein

• antigens= surface proteins 

• antibodies= y shape protein immune system made to attack things that don’t belong

antigens

surface proteins 

antibodies

y shape protein immune system made to attack things that don’t belong

What are the 3 ways antibodies work?

1. coat/neutralize pathogens

2. Mark them for destruction

3. Release chemicals to attract WBCs

When are antibodies made?

Antibodies are made AFTER failure of nonspecific defenses, some cancer protection, specific targets

B cells

responsible for antibody-meditated immunity, 1 specific type of receptor,  makes either plasma or memory, attack invaders outside the cells, memory cells, after antigen eliminated cell suicide

apoptosis

cell suicide

Acquired immunity

active vs passive, naturally after infection with a pathogen, after immunization to prevent diseases, most vaccines have antigens-> cause an immune response

Vaccine

causes primary response, can be lived attenuated, dead, particle, or, recombinant engineer bacteria, mRNA

Booster

2nd exposure, increases antibodies for faster response, requires development of memory B/T cells, usually long-lasting, but not all (tetanus)

Passive immunity

• the transfer of read made antibodies

  • ex) temp-> breast milk

  • May prevent disease in a person with recent exposure-> ebola & covid

T cells

responsible for cell-mediated immunity, attack disease/cancer cells, releasing chemicals to immune responses, attack invaders inside the cells

What help do T cells need to recognize pathogens?

• Macrophage eats path w/ antigen

• Presents part of it on its cell surface

• macrophage-> antigen-presenting cell

• (puts the skin of its enemy on its face)

Describe the process of T cell immunity?

T cells bind with antigen-presenting cells, activates T cell, T cell cell division

Helper T cells

alarm raisers: secrete chemicals which order B/T cell activation, memory T cells

Autoimmune diseases

condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part, as illness disappears, activated T & B cells undergo cell death, it doesn’t occur-> autoimmune disease, T cell lymphoma/leukemia

Allergen

a nonlethal antigen that causes an abnormally intense immune response, can get them at any age, previous exposure, previous exposure IgE mediated, 10x amount of IgE than “normal” person, symptoms & severity ranges

What is the second line of defense of the non specific immunity?

inflammation & inflammatory response