Studied by 13 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Culture
The entire way of life for a group of people, learned and passed through socialization.
Ethnocentrism
The evaluation of other cultures based on the standards of one's own culture, often leading to viewing other cultures as abnormal.
Cultural Relativism
Understanding other cultures on their own terms without judgment based on one's own culture.
Material Culture
The physical objects associated with a cultural group, such as tools, machines, and artwork.
Symbolic Culture
The non-material aspects of culture, including beliefs, values, norms, and communication styles.
Values
Shared beliefs about what a group considers worthwhile or desirable, guiding the creation of norms.
Norms
Rules regarding acceptable and appropriate behavior within a culture, which can be formal or informal.
Folkway
A loosely enforced norm involving common customs that ensure smooth social interaction.
More
A norm with moral significance, closely related to core values, often with severe repercussions for violations.
Taboo
A deeply ingrained norm that evokes strong feelings of disgust or horror when violated.
Sanctions
Positive or negative reactions to behavior that help establish social control and increase conformity to norms.
Cultural Diversity
The variety of specific cultures within a society, despite shared general cultural elements.
High Culture
The culture associated with society's elite, often distinguished by its exclusivity and sophistication.
Popular Culture
Cultural markers that are widespread and commonly accepted in society.
Subculture
A group within society differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle, coexisting with the main culture.
Counterculture
A group that openly rejects and may actively oppose society's values and norms.
Cultural Change
The transformation of cultural elements due to globalization, cultural leveling, and cultural diffusion.
Socialization
The process of learning and internalizing the values and norms of one's social group.
Agents of Socialization
Entities that impress social norms upon individuals, such as family, media, and education systems.
Primary Socialization
The initial process of learning basic skills necessary for survival in society.
Secondary Socialization
Learning appropriate behaviors in group situations beyond primary socialization.
Resocialization
The process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones during life transitions.
Self Identity
The ongoing process of self-development and defining personal identity in relation to the world.
George Herbert Mead
A sociologist who emphasized the social self, which is shaped by the reactions of others.
Charles Horton Cooley
Introduced the concept of the looking-glass self, where self-perception is influenced by social interactions.
Dramaturgical Perspective
Viewing social life as a stage where individuals perform roles in front of an audience.
Status
A position in society that comes with a set of expectations.
Role Conflict
Occurs when the roles associated with one status clash with those of another status.
Social control
Formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity
Critical theory hypothesis
Window of time where primary socialization occurs
Concerted cultivation
Parents actively assess and develop their children’s talents and interests
Example of concerted cultivation
Black middle class families socialize their kids around fine art by getting them into art organizations and collecting art
Anticipatory socialization
Process of learning how to plan the way to behave in new situations
Adult socialization
Socialization that occurs as an individual takes on adult roles
What is sociology
Study of social LCC on human behavior
What does LCC acronym mean
Sociology studies social Life, Change, and Causes
What does it mean to study institutions?
Study networks of structures in society that works to socialize groups of people, where we are socialized
Examples of institutions
Family, peer, school, media, religion, government, work
What is socialization
How you learn societal expectations and behaviors
Sociology vs other subjects
Anthro: past and present culture vs OUR CULTURE
Economics: choices vs choices made as result of society
Polisci: govt implementation vs how policies shape experience
Psych: individual behavior and mental processes, how social env affects individual vs how society impacts people
What are the BIG 3 Perspectives?
Structural functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
What is structural functionalism?
Problems are connected and need to all be addressed to see equilibrium (part t
What is conflict theory?
Those in power fuel inequalities by ensuring they stay in power
What is symbolic interactionism?
We interpret things b
Metaphors for BIG 3
Conflict Theory: kid win toy and change rule to keep winning toy
Structural Functionalism: like a body, organs need to work together
Symbolic Interactionism: identity
How does $2 a book relate to BIG 3
Structural Functionalism: big problem is poverty but factors include TANF (change welfare), housing (unaffordable, not enough, bad landlords), unemployment (bad work conditions, lose hours and thus income, racist employers), bad home life (subject to abuse, mental illness) = chronic stress
Conflict Theory: rich are dominant and control the playing field for poor by enacting laws such as TANF, white are dominant and control hiring by more likely to choose white sounding workers
Symbolic Interactionism: story of Jennifer: her child was assaulted, had to keep moving around and depending on others because can’t afford own housing => powerlessness, story of Rae who was rejected from a bunch of jobs just because she was black
4 Types of Research
Survey (quantitative)
Ethnography (qualitative)
Interview (qualitative)
Content Analysis (qualitative)
Different types of surveys
Mail. Online, in person, phone
Problem with survey research
Self report = bias, some people might not be available to respond at certain time (demographic difference)
What is ethnography
Study people in their natural state
What is the problem of ethnography
Behavior might change when they are being observed (Hawthorne effect)
What is the problem with interview?
Social desirability bias: people tend to choose socially acceptable answer
What is content analysis
Existing document to derive meaning
Breach vs Audit Experiment
Breach: investigates when people violate social norms in natural settings
Audit: experiment used to test for discriminatory behavior
What is the sociological imagination?
Connects personal troubles with public issues
Interaction between biography and history (personal and social change)
Make choices limited by social, historical, cultural, political, and economic factors
4 relationships between society and self in sociological imagination
Wellbeing: cherish values without threat
Crisis: Cherished values are threatened
Indifference: no values no threat
Unease: no values but threat
When does indifference usually happen?
After a time of great turmoil (ex after WWII) => normlessness
Cultural socialization in black middle class family
Middle class black family train kids to enjoy fine art, which is a form of cultural capital that can be exchanged for high class
Socialization of straightedge subculture
Lasting impact of living substance free= made people more open minded
What sociological concept does “Well Chris in Undies” and “CV/N and WOT/WT” stand for
Wellbeing (CVWOT)
Crisis (CVWT)
Indifference (NVWOT)
Unease (NVWT)
In sociological imagination relationships
What do sociologists study vs don’t study
Study = ideas that can be studied objectively, including common sense assumptions
don’t study= philosophy and morals
What are sociological theories
Propositions that seek to explain social world and predict future events
Other names for sociological theory
Approaches, schools of thought, paradigms, perspectives
What are the two recurrent themes in sociological theories?
Consensus and conflict
Consensus vs conflict
Consensus: what people bond over
Conflict: inequality and power
How and when did sociology emerge?
19th century after French and Industrial Revolution
founded by Auguste Comte => study science of man using scientific approaches, work for betterment of society
How do functionalists describe society
Using functional or dysfunctional
Functional vs dysfunctional
Functional: contribute to group stability
Dysfunctional: disrupt social stability
Two types of functions
Manifest: intended, commonly recognized
Latent: unintended and often hidden m
How would you apply manifest and latent functions in institutions such as school?
Manifest: teach kids
Latent: socialize kids
Anomie
Concept of normlessness
How do you counteract anomie
Build social solidarity society agrees upon and works together to achieve
Mechanical solidarity
When people in society maintain similar values and engage in similar work (soup)
Organic solidarity
People in society are interdependent but have varying values and beliefs (salad bowl)
Spurious correlation
Relationship that seems to exist but is actually caused by external variable
Population vs sample
Population: people are the focus of rhe study
Sample: manageable number of subjects who represent a larger population
What does ASA do
American sociological association
Develops code of ethics to avoid bias and adhere to professional standards
Institutional review board
Meet regularly to review research proposals and make recommendations for how to protect human subjects at uni
Deviance
Behavior, trait, or belief that is different than the norm and causes negative reaction
Deviance vs crime
Crime is a violation of a norm that is a law
Normality of crime
Theory that says all society’s have deviance and crime and cannot be eliminated because they have distinct functions
Importance of normality of crime (AUU)
Affirm value and norms
Understand right and wrong
Unite individuals
Factors to consider when thinking about deviance
Impact on society and motive
Deviance varies based on SPD
severity of public response
Perceive harmfulness
Degree of public agreement
Why is crime not always deviant
Ex: speeding and jaywalking are crimes but not deviant
Consensus crime
Widely seen as harmful to society and most individuals agree they are wrong
Social construction
Argus that knowledge is created and maintained by social interactions
Two step process for social construction
Categorize experiences and act on basis of info
Forget social origins of categories so they see them as normal/natural
Types of Deviance (NRDP)
Negative deviance
Rate busing
Deviance admiration
What is negative deviance
Nonconform negative evaluated (-, -)
Rate busting
Overconform but negatively evaluated (+, -)
Deviance admiration
Underconform but positive eval (-,+)
Positive deviance
Overconform, positive eval (+,+)
Examples for each type of deviance
Negative deviance: crime like serial killing
Rate Busting: getting a 1600 SAT
Deviance Admiration: Al Capone
Positive Deviance: Rosa Parks
How can you apply types of deviance to nondrinkers on wet campus?
Negative deviance: underconform to wet campus culture, you seen as prude
Rate busting: Overconform to law can’t drink underage, you seen as prude
Deviance Admiration: under conform to wet campus, people admire you not wanting to drink
Positive deviance: Overconform to law, people admire you not wanting to drink
Social control theory
Claims that individuals’ bonds and commitment inhibit deviance
Why do people see different issues as different types of deviance?
Functionalism: different deviance based on different norms and values
What question do social control theorists ask?
Why someone DOESN’T commit a crime
Correlation between social bonds and deviance according to social control theory
Increase social bond= decrease deviance
Note 
Flashcard (25)