ANAPHY: U7.2 Nervous System (Peripheral Nervous System)

31 Pairs

How many pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord?

Through roots

How is the spinal nerve connected to the spinal cord?

Posterior/Dorsal/Sensory Root & Anterior/Ventral/Motor Root

2 Types of Roots that Connect the Spinal Nerve to the Spinal Cord

Posterior/Dorsal/Sensory Root

Type of root that contains sensory nerve fibers which conducts the nerve impulses from periphery to the spinal cord

Anterior/Ventral/Motor Root

Type of root that contains motor nerve fibers conducting the nerve impulses from spinal cord to the periphery

• Cervical nerves: 8 pairs

• Thoracic nerves: 12 pairs

• Lumbar nerves: 5 pairs

• Sacral nerves: 5 pairs

• Coccygeal nerve: 1 pair

Division of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

L1-L2, the conus medullaris

What region does the spinal cord end in?

Cauda equina

What is the horse tail-like region after the region the spinal cord ends in?

Filum terminale

Part of the spinal cord that extends from the conus medullaris to the periosteum of the coccyx

grey matter; white matter

The Spinal Cord has ____ ____ in the center and ___ ___ surrounding it.

Grooves; right; left

___ penetrate the white matter of the spinal cord dividing it into ___ and ___ sides

Anterior Median Fissure

Internal anatomy of the spinal cord; deep groove on the anterior side

Posterior Median Sulcus

Internal anatomy of the spinal cord; shallower groove on posterior side

letter “H”; butterfly

Internal anatomy of the spinal cord; The grey matter of spinal cord is shaped like ___ ___ or ___ & is surrounded by white matter.

Central Canal

Internal anatomy of the spinal cord; The space that is the center of grey matter

Dendrites, Cell Bodies of Neurons, Unmyelinated Neurons & Neuroglia

Internal anatomy of the spinal cord; What is grey matter in the spinal cord consisted of?

Bundles of Myelinated Axons of Neurons

Internal anatomy of the spinal cord; What is white matter in the spinal cord consisted of?

Horns

Internal anatomy of the spinal cord; The grey matter on each side of the spinal cord is divided into regions called as ___

Anterior/Ventral Horns & Posterior/Dorsal Horns

Internal anatomy of the spinal cord; 2 Types of Horns

columns

Internal anatomy of the spinal cord; The anterior & posterior grey horns divide the white matter on each side into parts called as ____

Anterior/Ventral White Columns, Posterior/Dorsal White Columns, Lateral White Columns

3 Types of Columns in the Spinal Cord

nerves; ganglia

The PNS consists of the ___ and ___ outside the central nervous system

Nerve

Bundle of neuron fibers bundled by connective tissue

Mixed nerves, Afferent (sensory) nerves, efferent (motor) nerves

3 Ways to Classify Nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System

Mixed nerves

Type of nerve in the PNS that includes both sensory and motor fibers

Afferent/Sensory Nerves

Type of nerve in the PNS that carry impulses toward the CNS

Efferent/Motor Nerves

Type of nerve in the PNS that carry impulses away the CNS

12 pairs

How many pairs of cranial nerves originating from the nuclei are present in the brain?

True

True or False: The cranial nerves are sensory, motor or mixed.

False

True or False: The cranial nerves are sensory or motor, not mixed.

Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven

Mnemonic to Remember 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves

Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Trigeminal (V), Abducent (VI), Facial (VII), Vestibulocochlear (auditory (VIII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII)

12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves

128

Numbers of the 3 Sensory Cranial Nerves

Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Vestibulocochlear (auditory) (VIII)

The 3 Sensory Cranial Nerves

579 10

Numbers of 4 Mixed Cranial Nerves

Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)

The 4 Mixed Cranial Nerves

3 4 6 11 12

Numbers of the 5 Motor Cranial Nerves

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducent (VI), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII)

The 5 Motor Cranial Nerves

Olfactory Nerves

Sensory type of nerve that originates in the olfactory lobe (i.e. root of nose) & terminates in the temporal lobe of cerebrum; associated with sense of smell

Smell

What sense are olfactory nerves related to?

Optic Nerve

Sensory type of nerve that originates in the retina of eyes & terminates in the occipital lobe of cerebrum; related with sense of vision.

Vision

What sense are optic nerves related to?

Oculomotor Nerve

Mixed type of nerve that originate in the mid-brain; consists of a motor portion that innervates skeletal muscles that moves the eyeball & innervates smooth muscles that constrict pupil and a sensory portion related to eyeball movement & regulating the size of pupil.

Efferent/Motor Portion & Afferent/Sensory Portion

2 Portions of Oculomotor Nerves

Efferent/Motor Portion

Portion of Oculomotor Nerve that innervates (supplies nerves to) skeletal muscles that moves the eyeball & innervates smooth muscles that constrict pupil

Afferent/Sensory Portion

Portion of Oculomotor Nerve that is related to movement eyeball & regulating the size of pupil

Trochlear

Mixed type of nerve that originates in midbrain; smallest of the 12 cranial nerves; motor portion is related to movement of eyeball & sensory portion carries information from eye to midbrain

Trochlear Nerve

What is the smallest cranial nerve?

eyeball movement

The motor portion of the trochlear nerve is related to ___ ___.

information; eye; midbrain

The sensory portion of the trochlear nerve is related to carrying ___ from the ___ to ___.

Trigeminal Nerve

Mixed type of nerve that is the largest among all the cranial nerves and has motor portion functioning for mastication and a sensory portion functioning in conveying impulses for touch, pain & temperature

Trigeminal Nerve

What is the largest cranial nerve?

Opthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular Nerves

What are the 3 branches of the sensory portion of the trigeminal nerve?

Ophthalmic Nerve

One of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve that contains nerves from eyelids, eyeball, lacrimal glands, nasal cavity, nose and forehead.

Maxillary Nerve

One of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve that contains nerve from the mucosa of nose, pharynx, teeth, upper lip & lower eyelid.

Mandibular Nerve

One of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve that contains nerve from tongue, teeth, skin, mandible & cheek

mastication; touch, pain, temperature

The motor function of the trigeminal nerve is ___, while the sensory function is to convey impulses for ___, ___, and ___.

Abducens

Mixed type of nerve that has a motor nerve functioning in movement of the eyeball and sensory nerve functioning in proprioception

eyeball; proprioception

The motor function of the abducens nerve is to innervate the skeletal muscles that move the ____, while the sensory function is related to ____, which is the movement of the eyeball and muscles sense.

Facial Nerve

Mixed type of nerve that has motor nerve functioning in facial expression and sensory nerve functioning in taste & proprioception

Face, nose, palate, lacrimal & salivary gland

The motor nerve of the facial nerve innervates skeletal muscle of ___, ___, ___, ___, & ___ ____.

taste buds; taste; proprioception

The sensory nerve of the facial nerve transmits information from ___ ___ in the tongue and mouth, making its function ___ and ___.

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Sensory type of nerve that consists of two nerves, one that is associated with posture and balance and the other responsible for hearing

Vestibular & Cochlear Nerve

2 Nerves that make up the Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Vestibular Nerve

One of the nerves that make up the Vestibulocochlear Nerve that arises from the semicircular canals of the inner ear & conveys impulses to the cerebellum; associated with maintenance of posture & balance.

Posture & Balance

What is the Vestibular Nerve (one of the Vestibulocochlear Nerves) associated with?

Cochlear Nerve

One of the nerves that make up the Vestibulocochlear Nerve that originates in the spiral organ of the inner ear & conveys impulses to the hearing area of cerebrum; responsible for hearing

Hearing

What is the Cochlear Nerve (one of the Vestibulocochlear Nerves) associated with?

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Mixed type of nerve that has motor nerves that originate from medulla oblongata & innervate the tongue & pharynx, functioning in the movement of the pharynx during swallowing and speech & sensory nerves originate from salivary glands & terminates in medulla oblongata, functioning in taste, touch, pain & temperature sensations, monitoring of blood pressure

Movement of pharynx during swallowing & speech

Function of the motor nerve of the glossopharyngeal nerve

Taste, touch, pain & temperature sensations, monitoring of blood pressure

Function of the sensory nerve of the glossopharyngeal nerve

Vagus Nerve

Mixed type of nerve that has:

• Motor Fibers that originate in the medulla & innervates the smooth muscles of pharynx, larynx, trachea, heart, esophagus, stomach, intestine, pancreas, gall bladder, bile duct, spleen, kidney, ureter, blood vessels in thoracic & abdominal cavities

• Motor Fibers Function: Swallowing, coughing & voice production

• Sensory Fibers that convey impulses from same organs to brain.

• Sensory Fibers Function: Taste, touch, pain, temperature regulation & monitoring of blood pressure

Accessory Nerve

Motor type of nerve that originates from medulla oblongata & innervates the muscles of pharynx & skeletal muscle of neck; motor function is for swallowing & movement of head & shoulders

Hypoglossal Nerve

Motor type of nerve that originates in the medulla & innervates the muscle of tongue; motor function is for movement of tongue during speech & swallowing

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

2 Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

Part of the Peripheral Nervous System that consists of sensory neuron & motor neuron

Sensory Neurons

One of the types of neurons in the Somatic Nervous System that conveys message from periphery to the CNS, include sensations of pain, temperature, taste, smell, hearing & vision, etc

Motor Neurons

One of the types of neurons in the Somatic Nervous System that conveys message from brain to periphery

Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the Peripheral Nervous System that cause movement in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Autonomic Sensory/Afferent & Autonomic Motor/Efferent Neurons

2 Types of Neurons in the Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Sensory/Afferent Neurons

One of the Types of Neurons in the Autonomic Nervous System associated with sensory receptors located in blood vessels, visceral organs and muscles

Autonomic Motor/Efferent Neurons

One of the Types of Neurons in the Autonomic Nervous System that regulates visceral activities by either increase or decrease ongoing activities in the effector tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscles or glands)

Sympathetic/Thoracolumbar Outflow Division & Parasympathetic/Craniosacral Outflow Division

The Autonomic Nervous System can be further subdivided. What are those 2 divisions?

True

True of False: The Sympathetic/Thoracolumbar Outflow Division & Parasympathetic/Craniosacral Outflow Division of the ANS work in an opposite manner

2 Motor Neurons, Autonomic Ganglia, Effector Organs

3 structures that each division of the ANS has?

Pre-Ganglionic Neurons & Post-Ganglionic Neurons

Two motor neurons of each division of the ANS

Preganglionic Neuron

One of the motor neurons of each division of the ANS that lies before the ganglion

Preganglionic fiber

Myelinated axon of the preganglionic neuron

Postganglionic Neuron

One of the motor neurons of each division of the ANS that lies after the ganglion and terminates in the effector organ

Postganglionic Fibers

Myelinated axon of the postganglionic neuron

Sympathetic Division

The division of the ANS that functions in fight-or-flight, responding to unusual stimulus, takes over to increase activities, and is the “E” division

Exercise, Excitement, Emergency, Embarrassment

The Sympathetic Division is the “E” division. What are the 4 E’s?

Parasympathetic Division

The division of the ANS that functions in housekeeping activities, conserves energy, maintains daily necessary body functions, and is the “D” division

Digestion, defecation, diuresis

The Parasympathetic Division is the “D” division. What are the 3 D’s?

Thoracolumbar Division

What is another name for the Sympathetic Division of the ANS?

shorter; longer

In the Sympathetic Division of the ANS, the preganglionic nerve fibers are ___, while the postganglionic nerve fibers are ___.

Acetylcholine

In the Sympathetic Division of the ANS, the preganglionic neurotransmitter is ____.

Adrenergic; epinephrine; norepinephrine

In the Sympathetic Division of the ANS, the postganglionic nerve fibers are ____, having ___ and/or ___ as their neurotransmitter.

Craniosacral Division

What is another name for the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS?

dispersed

In the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS, the parasympathetic ganglia are ____