Lecture Module 4: Eukaryotic Cells

What are the three organelles found in animal cells, but not in plant cells?

Lysosomes, centrioles, and flagella (may be in some plant sperm)

The _____ (made up of centrioles) is used for cell division.

Centrosome

What are the four organelles found in plant cells, but not animal cells?

Chloroplasts, central vacuoles, cell walls, and plasmodesmata

Both animal and plant cells are _____ and contain _____ (e.g. the nucleus, mitochondria).

Bound by a membrane; membrane-bound organelles

Chloroplasts allow plant cells to perform _____, which represents the conversion of _____ and _____ to _____, allowing plant cells to be _____.

Photosynthesis; water; sunlight; glucose; autotrophic

Plasmodesmata refer to _____ that allow plant cells to _____.

Pores in the cell wall; communicate and share materials

What is the name for membrane-enclosed structures in the cell that can compartmentalize a cell’s activity?

Organelles

The four basic functional groups of organelles include genetic control, which involve the _____ and _____. Another group of organelles represent the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules, and includes the _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____. Another group of organelles represent energy processing, and includes the _____ (in all cells) and _____ (in plant cells only). The last group of organelles represents structural support, movement, and communication between cells, and includes the _____, _____, and _____.

Nucleus; ribosomes; endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; vacuoles; peroxisomes; mitochondria; chloroplasts; cytoskeleton; plasma membrane; plant cell wall

Transcription is _____ dependent _____ synthesis and takes place in the _____.

DNA; RNA; nucleus

The nucleus holds the _____ for a cell. Pre-mRNA represents the _____. _____ refers to when a cap and tail are added to the pre-mRNA and introns are spliced out, leading to _____. RNA made from transcription is exported from the nucleus via _____.

Genetic instructions; complementary strand to DNA; RNA processing; mRNA; nuclear pores

T/F: The nucleus holds all of the cell’s genes.

False; most, but not all

Translation is _____ dependent _____ synthesis and takes place in the _____ via _____.

RNA; protein; cytoplasm; ribosomes

_____ consisting of _____ code for _____ in a protein.

Codons; nucleotides; one amino acid

The nucleolus is the site of _____ and _____.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis; ribosome assembly

The nucleus is the _____ of the cell. It is surrounded by the _____, which consists of _____ (number), _____ (type) membranes with _____ that regulate movement of materials in and out of the nucleus. The nucleus also contains _____, which consists of chromosomes and associated proteins.

Control center; nuclear envelope; two; lipid bilayer; nuclear pores; chromatin

Once assembled, ribosomes consist of _____ and _____.

rRNA; protein

In what organisms and/or organelles can 70S ribosomes be found?

Prokaryotic cells, chloroplasts, and mitochondria

T/F: Ribosomes are membrane-bound organelles.

False

Eukaryotic cells have _____ (size) ribosomes. They are considered _____ factories found in the _____, outside of the _____.

80S; protein; cytosol; nucleus

Free ribosomes are suspended in the _____ and are responsible for making proteins that _____ (e.g. actin).

Cytosol; stay in the cytoplasm

Bound ribosomes are attached to the _____ and are responsible for the production of _____ proteins, _____ proteins, and proteins that are _____.

Outside of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope; membrane; secreted; located in other organelles

Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via _____.

RNA

Eukaryotic ribosomes are _____ (size) ribosomes. rRNA made in the _____ is combined with proteins made in the _____, leading to assembly in the _____. These ribosomes consist of a _____ and _____ subunit.

80S; nucleus; cytosol; nucleus; small; large

The _____ (size) ribosomes found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells are considered _____.

70S; semi-autonomous

Within the eukaryotic 80S ribosome, the large subunit is _____ (size), and the small subunit is _____ (size). In contrast, within the prokaryotic 70S ribosome, the large subunit is _____ (size) and the small subunit is _____ (size).

60S; 40S; 50S; 30S

If you see a cell that synthesizes a lot of protein, what structure will that cell have a lot of that allows it to synthesize proteins?

Ribosomes

We are able to kill foreign invaders (i.e. infectious bacteria) with antibiotics without killing our own cells. Many antibiotics bind to bacterial _____, which are sufficiently different than ours, allowing for selective toxicity. Examples include erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Additionally, penicillin and ampicillin inhibit the formation of _____, which we do not have, so no harm is done to us.

Ribosomes; cell walls

What structure in the cell is responsible for synthesizing the membrane?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the _____. _____ refer to membranous tubules within the endoplasmic reticulum.

Nuclear envelope; cisternae

The rough endoplasmic reticulum has _____ attached to the outside. It is responsible for protein _____ (via _____ proteins) and _____ (e.g. sugars added, cutting of proteins), particularly for proteins found in _____. It is considered the _____ factory for the cell, synthesizing _____ from precursors in the cytosol.

Ribosomes; folding; chaperone; processing; bound ribosomes; membrane; phospholipids

Transcription refers to when instructions from _____ are copied onto _____ in the _____ via _____. _____ then exits the _____ via a _____ and moves to a _____, which attaches to the _____ and can _____. An _____ growing from the _____ is dropped inside the _____ and later _____, which is packaged in a _____ to the _____. The _____ then moves into the _____ for additional _____. The _____ then moves to the _____ for _____ via a _____.

DNA; mRNA; nucleus; RNA polymerase; mRNA; nucleus; nuclear pore; free ribosome; rough endoplasmic reticulum; read the instructions from the mRNA; amino acid chain; ribosome; membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; folds into a protein; transport vesicle; Golgi apparatus; protein; Golgi apparatus; processing and sorting; protein; plasma membrane; export; transport vesicle

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for _____. _____ refer to flattened membranous sacs that make up the _____ of the Golgi. Each contains specific _____ that can modify proteins and phospholipids, place membrane/secreted proteins inside a vesicle, and attach molecular tags (e.g. phosphate groups) to identify the protein’s final destination. The _____ face is the receiving side and is found closest to the _____. The _____ face is the shipping side and is found closest to the _____.

Processing, sorting, and shipping proteins; cisternae; internal space; enzymes; cis; endoplasmic reticulum; trans; plasma membrane

The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to synthesize _____ (e.g. steroid hormones in gonads), metabolize _____ (e.g. break down glycogen in the liver), detoxify _____ (e.g. modify toxic substances in the liver), and sequestrate _____ (e.g. regulate stores in muscle cells).

Lipids; carbohydrates; drugs and poisons; calcium

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a large proportion in _____ cells.

Specialized

What cell type in the human body has a high proportion of smooth ER?

Liver

What cell structure would you expect to be abundant in the liver cells of an alcoholic, and why?

Lysosomes because they are responsible for modifying potential toxic substances

Alcoholics may develop a tolerance to alcohol as well as _____.

Other drugs that have not been chronically used

What is the function of the lysosome?

Digestion

Lysosomes are synthesized in the _____, which provides hydrolytic _____ and the lysosomal _____. Lysosomes are processed in the _____, where _____ are activated and the lysosome buds from the _____, where it stays _____ of the cell. 

Rough endoplasmic reticulum; enzymes; membrane; Golgi apparatus; enzymes; trans face; inside

Lysosomes fuse with _____ to digest food, _____ so they can be recycled, and _____ to destroy foreign invaders.

Vacuoles; damaged organelles; phagosomes

Tay-Sachs disease results from the malfunction of which organelle?

Lysosomes

People with Tay-Sachs disease are missing an _____ in lysosomes that breaks down _____, causing them to accumulate in the _____, leading to mental and physical deterioration. Children usually become blind, deaf, and unable to swallow and die by the age of 4.

Enzyme; lipids; brain

Niemann-Pick disease is similar to Tay-Sachs disease in that it results in _____ accumulation, but in the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and the brain.

Lipid

The function of the central vacuole in plants is to _____ (e.g. proteins in seeds), contribute to plant _____ by absorbing _____ and causing cells to _____, contain _____ in flower petals to _____, and may contain _____ to protect against _____.

Store organic nutrients; growth; water; expand; pigment; attract pollinating insects; poison; plant-eating animals

The mitochondria is the site of _____, which refers to _____, leading to _____.

Cellular respiration; extracting energy from organic molecules; ATP

The mitochondria is a _____ organelle found in _____ eukaryotic cells. It is not part of the _____. Mitochondria contain their own _____ and _____, and can _____ and _____ independently within the cell. There can be few or many in the cell, depends on the cell’s level of _____.

Semi-autonomous; all; endomembrane system; DNA; ribosomes; grow; reproduce; metabolic activity

The chloroplast is the site of _____, which refers to _____, allowing for the production of _____ that can be used to produce _____ for energy.

Photosynthesis; synthesizing organic molecules using solar energy; glucose; ATP

The chloroplast is a _____ organelle found in _____ and _____. It is not part of the _____. Chloroplasts contain their own _____ and _____, and can _____ and _____ independently within the cell. They allow plants to be _____.

Semiautonomous; plants; algae; endomembrane system; DNA; ribosomes; grow; reproduce; autotrophs

The mitochondria consists of two _____ membranes, with a _____ outer membrane and an _____ inner membrane, also known as _____ that help increase the surface area available for proteins that make ATP. These membranes separate the mitochondria into two compartments, the _____ (found _____) and _____ (found _____).

Lipid bilayer; smooth; extensively folded; cristae; intermembrane space; between the outer membrane and inner membrane; matrix; inside the inner membrane

The chloroplast consists of two _____ membranes, an _____ and _____ with a narrow space in between. There is also an inside _____, which refers to an interconnected membrane stacks that look like stacked poker chips, also known as _____. The chloroplast is split into three compartments, the _____ (the space between the inner and outer membrane), the _____ (inner membrane space but outside of the thylakoid), and the _____ (inner thylakoid membranes).

Lipid bilayer; inner membrane; outer membrane; thylakoid membrane system; granum; intermembrane space; stroma; thylakoid space

T/F: The thylakoid membrane system is separate from the chloroplast membranes.

True

What two organelles are believed to be remnants of unicellular bacteria?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells

What is the name of the theory that states that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within large cells?

Endosymbiont theory

Due to the _____/_____, it is believed that the membrane of the initial prokaryotic cells became the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Double membrane; endocytosis

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common with bacteria that supports the endosymbiont theory? (5)

Circular DNA, with similar sequences; 70S ribosomes; self-replicating; same size (1 to 2 µm); 16s rRNA

What are the three types of cytoskeletal elements?

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

General functions of the cytoskeleton include providing _____ and maintaining _____, providing cell _____, positioning _____ within the cell, acting as tracks on which _____ travel, allowing _____ to walk along microtubules and move from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. The cytoskeleton is very _____.

Mechanical support; cell shape; motility; organelles; motor proteins; transport vesicles; dynamic

Microfilaments consist of a twisted double chain of _____ subunits. An example is _____, the “false feet” of macrophages that capture bacteria. They are generally found _____, but are slightly more concentrated at the _____. They function in (changing) cell _____/_____ support, _____ contraction, the _____ for cell division, and _____ (cell movement that captures prey by forming rapidly in the direction of movement and decomposing rapidly at the other end).

Actin; pseudopodia; throughout the cell; edges; shape; structural; muscle; cleavage furrow; amoeboid movement

Intermediate filaments consist of a twisted chain with a diameter intermediate to microfilaments and microtubules. They are generally more concentrated near the _____. They function in maintaining cell _____ and stabilizing the position of the _____/_____ within the cell.

Shape; nucleus/other organelles

Microtubules consist of hollow cylindrical rods made of _____ dimers. They are the _____ cytoskeletal elements, and are generally found _____. They function in maintaining cell _____, moving _____, _____, and _____, and cell _____ via _____ and _____.

Tubulin; largest; throughout the cell; shape; vesicles; chromosomes; organelles; mobility; cilia; flagella

Microfilaments are made of the _____ protein, while microtubules are made of the _____ protein. Intermediate filaments consist of _____ proteins coiled together.

Actin; tubulin; fibrous

What cytoskeletal element makes up cilia and flagella?

Microtubules

Both cilia and flagella consist of microtubules made of the protein tubulin. Microtubules are organized as _____ in a _____ (_____), plus _____ in the _____ (_____). These allow flagella to move in a wave-like manner.

9 pairs; ring; doublet; 2 microtubules; center; central

In eukaryotic cells, cilia extend from cells in _____, causing the cell to _____ or _____. They are present in the nose to detect _____ and the lungs to _____. In contrast, flagella are relatively _____, tail-like extensions of some cells, causing the cell to _____. They are present in _____.

Great numbers; move; move materials around the cell; smells; sweep away foreign material; long; move; sperm

Eukaryotic flagella is covered by an extension of the _____ and is ten times _____ than in prokaryotes. Flagella movement is _____/_____ for eukaryotes, while it _____ in bacteria. Eukaryotic flagella is made out of _____, while prokaryotic flagella is made out of _____.

Plasma membrane; thicker; undulating/wave-like; rotates circular; tubulin; flagellin

The function of the glycocalyx in eukaryotic cells is _____, _____, and _____. It is made of _____ (in contrast, in bacteria, it may be made of _____). The glycocalyx is the _____ layer that comes into direct contact with the _____. It appears as a network of fibers, slime layer, of capsule.

Protection; adherence; signal reception; polysaccharides; polypeptides; outermost; environment

Cell walls are found in _____, _____, and _____. In fungi, the cell wall is _____ and provides _____ and _____, and are different in chemical composition from bacterial and archaeal cell walls.

Plants; algae; fungi; rigid; structural support; shape

The fungal cell wall consists of a _____ inner layer of _____ fibers composed of _____ or _____, as well as a _____ outer layer of _____/_____.

Thick; polysaccharide; chitin; cellulose; thin; mixed glycans/sugars

The cell membrane of a eukaryotic cells is a typical _____ of _____ in which _____ are embedded. This barrier is considered _____.

Bilayer; phospholipids; proteins; selectively permeable

Sterols are relatively _____, providing _____ to the membrane of eukaryotic cells. They are generally absent in bacterial cells. They are important in cells without a _____.

Rigid; stability; cell wall

Vacuoles are _____ sacs containing _____ or _____ to be digested, excreted, or stored. They are found in _____ cells in response to food and other substances that have been engulfed. Contents are digested by merging with a _____, creating a phagolysosome.

Membrane-bound; fluids; solid particles; phagocytic; lysosomes

Protozoa living in freshwater habitats use _____ to regulate osmotic pressure and expel excess water that has diffused into the cell.

Contractile vacuoles

Endosymbiosis refers to the theory that a bacterial cell _____ another descendant of the _____ and eventually became a permanent part of that cell at the _____. Similarly, photosynthetic bacteria are thought to have become part of the precursor cell, eventually becoming the _____ in plant cells. 

Parasitized; last common ancestor (LCA); mitochondria; chloroplast

Although the majority of fungi are either _____ or _____, more complex forms are _____.

Unicellular; colonial; multicellular

The unicellular eukaryotes are _____, _____, and _____, the latter two of which can also be multicellular. _____ are multicellular eukaryotes.

Protozoa; fungi; algae; helminths