HUSH Spring Final Vocab

Black Codes

Based on previous slave codes. Designed primarily to limit the economic opportunities for blacks. It restricted movement, and limited types of property to own.

Compromise of 1850

Created by Henry Clay to bring the union back together, it included the fugitive slave act that forced runaway slaves to be deported to their owners.

Compromise of 1877

Hayes will become president if he removes all federal troops from the South, helped develop infrastructure in the South, appointed southerners to the Cabinet, and limited enforcement of racial equality.

Freedmen's Bureau

Provided assistance to tens of thousands of formerly enslaved people and impoverished whites in the Southern States and the District of Columbia in the years following the war.

Dred Scott case

Declared that slaves were not considered American citizens and were therefore chattel, angering the North and celebrated in the South.

Wilmot Proviso

The Wilmot Proviso, a proposed amendment to an appropriations bill during the Mexican-American War, aimed to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Redefined the process for readmitting former Confederate states to the Union.

Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise, passed in 1820, was a legislative attempt to resolve the issue of slavery in the expansion of the United States.

Reconstruction Era

From 1865 to 1877, was a period of significant transformation in the United States after the Civil War, focused on rebuilding the South, integrating newly freed African Americans, and addressing the complex issues of racial equality and reintegration.

15th Amendment

Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

14th Amendment

Addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

Manifest Destiny

19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand westward across North America.

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Conflict over Texas and territory; resulted in the U.S. acquiring land in the Southwest via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Radical Reconstruction

Period after the Civil War when Radical Republicans in Congress controlled Reconstruction and enforced civil rights for freedmen.

Know-Nothing Party

1850s nativist political party that opposed immigration and Catholic influence.

U.S. Relations with Cuba

Historically tense, especially post-1959 revolution; includes events like the Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist and philanthropist who led the expansion of the steel industry and advocated the 'Gospel of Wealth.'

Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court decision upholding racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Dawes Act (1887)

Law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual plots.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate equality and higher education for African Americans.

Booker T. Washington

Prominent Black leader who promoted vocational education and economic self-reliance over immediate civil rights.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Historian known for the 'Frontier Thesis,' which argued the frontier shaped American democracy and culture.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Native American uprising against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico.

Settlement House

Community centers in urban areas that provided services to immigrants and the poor; e.g., Hull House by Jane Addams.

Social Gospel

Religious movement that applied Christian ethics to social problems like poverty and inequality.

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy aimed at ensuring equal trading rights in China for all foreign nations.

New Deal

Series of programs and reforms by President FDR during the Great Depression to provide relief, recovery, and reform.

Cultural Movements

Includes Harlem Renaissance (1920s), Beat Generation (1950s), Counterculture (1960s), and more.

Progressive Era (1890s-1920s)

Reform movement focused on fixing problems from industrialization, including labor, suffrage, and corruption.

Committee on Public Information

WWI-era government agency that used propaganda to support the war effort.

Bracero Program

WWII-era agreement allowing Mexican laborers to work temporarily in the U.S. due to labor shortages.

Environmental Movements

Gained momentum in the 1960s-70s; led to Earth Day and major legislation like the Clean Air and Water Acts.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern U.S.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

Truman Doctrine

U.S. policy to provide aid to countries resisting communism, especially Greece and Turkey (1947).

Isolationism

U.S. policy of avoiding foreign entanglements, especially prominent between WWI and WWII.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Allowed the U.S. to supply Allied nations with war materials before entering WWII.

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII as a wartime necessity.

Anthony

Suffrage advocate.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Early feminist and organizer of Seneca Falls Convention.

Betty Friedan

Author of The Feminine Mystique, co-founder of NOW.

Gloria Steinem

Feminist activist and journalist in the 1960s-70s.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Nonviolent protest leader.

Malcolm X

Black nationalist and Nation of Islam figure.

Rosa Parks

Sparked Montgomery Bus Boycott.

César Chávez

Labor rights leader for Latino farmworkers.

Thurgood Marshall

NAACP lawyer and first Black Supreme Court Justice.

Muckrakers

Progressive Era journalists who exposed corruption and societal issues; e.g., Upton Sinclair (The Jungle), Ida Tarbell.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group founded during Reconstruction; resurged in the 1920s and again during the Civil Rights Era.

New Deal

FDR's response to the Great Depression, including Social Security, job programs, and banking reform.

The Great Society

President Lyndon B. Johnson's programs to eliminate poverty and racial injustice; included Medicare, Medicaid, and civil rights legislation.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

New Deal program that brought electricity and development to the rural South.

Henry Ford

Industrialist who revolutionized car production using the assembly line; made automobiles affordable.

Atomic Bomb

Developed in the Manhattan Project; used by the U.S. in Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end WWII.

Political Conservatives (1960s & 1970s)

Opposed big government, favored traditional values, led to rise of figures like Barry Goldwater and later Ronald Reagan.

Non-Violence/Civil Rights Movement

Strategy led by MLK Jr. and others; used marches, sit-ins, and boycotts to end segregation and gain voting rights.

Black Panthers

Founded in 1966 to promote self-defense, racial pride, and community programs; often clashed with police.

Board of Education (1954)

Supreme Court decision that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

Gave President Lyndon Johnson authority to use military force in Vietnam without declaring war.

Tet Offensive (1968)

Major North Vietnamese attack during the Vietnam War; turned U.S. public opinion against the war.

Red Scare

Fear of communism; first in the 1920s (post-Russian Revolution), second in the 1950s during McCarthyism.

Iron Curtain

Term used by Winston Churchill to describe the division between Western democracies and Eastern communist nations after WWII.

Berlin Wall

Barrier built in 1961 by East Germany to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to the West; symbol of the Cold War.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Baptist minister and civil rights leader known for his nonviolent protests and 'I Have a Dream' speech.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966 to advocate for women's rights, especially equal pay and the Equal Rights Amendment.

Watergate

Scandal involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee and a subsequent cover-up; led to Nixon's resignation in 1974.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

Negotiations between the U.S. and USSR to limit nuclear weapons during the Cold War.

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Anti-union law that restricted the power of labor unions; allowed states to pass right-to-work laws.

War Powers Act (1973)

Limited the president's ability to send troops into combat without congressional approval.

Woodstock (1969)

Iconic music festival symbolizing the counterculture of the 1960s and opposition to the Vietnam War.

Reaganomics

Economic policies of President Ronald Reagan, emphasizing tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government spending to stimulate growth.