Biol1030 lab plant

Antheridia

Male sex organs in algae, mosses, ferns, and fungi (produce male gametes)

Apical meristem

growing tissue in plants, allows the plant to grow lengthwise

Archegonia

Female sex organs in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers (produce female gametes)

Dormancy

When seeds will not germinate unless certain conditions occur

Gametangium

The specialized organ that forms gametes in algae and ferns

Gametophyte

Produces haploid gametes (dominant form in bryophytes)

Haplodiplontic

Describes a life cycle in which the haploid and diploid stages alternate; also known as an alternation of generations life cycle

Heterospory

Production of spores of different size/sex by sporophytes (pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms)

Homospory

Production of one type of spore (bisexual)

Megaspore

Spore from heterospory that produces female gametophytes (larger)

Microspore

Spore from heterospory that produces male gametophytes (smaller)

Pollination

Pollen going from male ANTHER to a female STIGMA

Pollen

Fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants

Seed coat

Helps protect the embryo

Sporangium

Makes and stores spores (ferns)

Spore

A reproductive cell that can develop into a new individual without any fusion from any other reproductive cell

Sporocyte

Cells (diploid) in spore-bearing plants that produce 4 haploid spores

Sporophyte

The diploid STAGE in a spore-bearing plant (where sporoCYTES are found)

Thallus

A part of a plant that has not been differentiated (stems, roots or leaves) - commonly found in algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes

Vascular tissue

The transport system of plants (xylem - transport of water/dissolved ions, phloem - sugars, proteins)

Angiosperm

Flowering plants that have seeds in a fruit

Capsule

Fruit that will split open to release its seeds

Carpel

The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower (consists of the stigma, style, and ovary)

Cone

Contains reproductive organs of non-flowering plants

Cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves to protect plants

Dicot

Two cotyledons, triporate, branching leaf veins, ring-like vascular tissue, secondary growth

Dioecious

Having separate male and female plants

Egg

Female gamete in plants

Endosperm

Tissue that surrounds developing embryo in angiosperms and nourishes it. This is completely absorbed at maturity (pea and bean)

Frond

The leaves of ferns and palms

Gametophore

Produce sex cells in non-seeding plants

Generative cell

The cell of a male gametophyte (pollen grain)

Gymnosperm

Any vascular plant that produces exposed seeds (ovules) - conifers,

Megagametophyte

Embryo sac holding two female gametes (egg cell and central cell) (produces by megaspores)

Megaphyll

Leaves that are bigger in size, have more complex veins and have leaf gaps in the stele

Microgametophyte

Produces male gametes (produced by microspores)

Microphyll

Leaves that are smaller in size, have one vein, and their steles do not have leaf gaps

Microsporangium

A spore-producing structure that produces microspores (male reproductive structure)

Monocot

One cotyledon, monosulcate, lateral leaf veins, scattered vascular tissue, no secondary growth

Monoecious

Needing only one plant (not a male + female) to produce fruit

Ovulate cone

Cones that hold the egg of the female gametophyte

Ovule

Contains female germ cells - becomes seed after fertilization

Polar nuclei

2 nuclei, within the same cell, created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction; unite in the ovule to form a fusion nucleus, which gives rise to endosperm when fertilized

Pollen cone

Contains male germ cells - shed and carried to female plants

Protonema

Grows directly from a germinating spore (mosses), rich in chlorophyll, and influences further growth

Rhizome

A horizontal, underground stem that produces new leaves, shoots, and roots

Seta

Stalk that supports capsules of mosses or liverwort

Sorus

Cluster of sporangia on underside of leaves of forms

Stamen

The pollen-producing part of a flower (usually with a filament that supports the anther)

Sepal

A leaflike structure that encloses the bud of a flower (leaves that grow at the base of petals)

Tube cell

The tube that sends male gametes to the ovule

Germination

The little baby sprouting of a seed/spore after a period of dormancy

Primary growth

Controlled by root apical meristems (RAMs) and shoot apical meristems (SAMs), it is the increase in length (height) of the shoot

Secondary growth

Controlled by lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium), it is the increase in width of the shoot

Pith

A small area in the middle/centre of a stem, made of parenchyma cells - ground tissue

Cortex

The tissue between vascular tissue and epidermis - ground tissue

Stele

Central part of the stem/root of vascular plants that is made of the vascular tissue of plants (xylem and phloem) - vascular tissue

Dermal tissue

The outer/protective tissues of plant bodies (roots, stems, flowers, etc.)

Ground tissue

All tissue in a plant that is not dermal or vascular

Vascular tissue

The transporting tissues of plants, typically occurring in vascular bundles

Xylem

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Phloem

Vascular tissue that moves sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves

Vascular cambium

Secondary growth, increases diameter of stem/roots and forms woody tissues

Cork cambium

Secondary growth, forms the bark of woody plants

Root apical meristem (RAM)

Produces root (and root cap) and provides cells for growth of the roots

Shoot apical meristem (SAM)

Produces leaves, buds, and the stem

Epidermis

Outermost layer of cells that covers the stem, roots, leaves, flower, etc.

Periderm

A thick, protective coat that replaces the epidermis and endodermis (outer bark of trees)

Trichomes

uni/multicellular appendages on plants that serve as protection (from UV light or predation), secretion cells

Vessel elements

One of the cells found in xylem - used for water transport and typically found in angiosperms

Tracheids

One of the cells found in xylem - used for transporting water and provides structural support (often pits in the cell walls)

Companion cells

Specialized parenchyma cells in the phloem of angiosperms - living cells

Sieve-tube elements

Elongated parenchyma cells in the phloem that have fragmented nuclei and transport sugars to the plant

Collenchyma

Supporting tissue cells for growing organs of herbaceous and woody plants

Parenchyma

Cells that form the bulk of plant tissues

Schlerchyma

Thick secondary walls that lack cell contents at maturity, and are found in all plant tissues

Mesophyll

Ground tissue of that is found between epidermal cell layers in leaves

Pallisade mesophyll

This is where most photosynthesis in the leaf occurs, these cells are columnar and only occur in the upper side of leaves

Spongy mesophyll

Porous tissue in plants that allows for gas exchange in plants through the leaves, these are found on the lower side of leaves

Stomata

Small openings throughout spongy mesophyll that are used for gas exchange

Guard cells

Pairs of epidermal cells in plants that open/close stomata to control gas exchange

Cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves adapts to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.