Final complete

Reproductive cells are called

gametes

Mitosis results in two

identical daughter cels

Where does mitosis occour

in somatic cells

Why is mitosis important

for growth and repairs

What is the result of meiosis

4 different haploid cells

Where does meiosis occur

in gametes

what is the importance of meiosis

sexual reproductions

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from 46 to

23

Meiosis 1 is referred to as

reductional

Meiosis 2 is known as

equational

What are the steps of meiosis

PMAT1 and PMAT2

Different combination of genes is called

recombination

When does crossing over occur

prophase 1

What does crossing over occur between

homologous chromosomes

When does independent assortment occour

during metaphase I

What does independent assortment produce

random sets of maternal and paternal chromosomes

With crossing over, no two gametes are

the same

A1 seperates

homologous chromosomes

A2 separates

sister chromatids

paired oval organs

overies

the ovaries are ____ to the uterus

lateral

Ovaries are slightly larger than a

almond

The ovaries are anchored by cords and sheets of

conenctive tissue

what is the epithelium that covers the overies

germinal epithelium

Connective tissue capsule outside of the overies

tunica albuginea

Where are ovarian follicles found

in the ovarian cortex

Part of the ovary with connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, and nerves

medulla

Oocyte + follicular cells (granulosa cells)=

follicle

What type of oocyte is contained in the primordial follicle

primary oocyte in prophase 1

how many primordial follicles are present at birth

1.5 million

how many primordial follicles are present at puberty

400,000

The primordial follicle has a single layer of

flattened follicular cells

when are primordial follicles first observed

in the fetus

When are all follicles other than primordial follicles first oberved

puberty

What type of oocyte is contained within a primary follicle

primary oocyte in prophase 1

The primary follicle has multiple layers of

granulosa cells

the granular cells in the primary follicle secrete

estrogen

How many secondary follicles are seen per month

around 20

What type of oocyte is contained in a secondary follicle

primary oocyte in prophase 1

in which follicular stage does the antrum develop

in the secondary follicle

What is the protein coat on the secondary follicle

zona pellucida

What is the innermost layer of follicular cells on the secondary follicle

corona radiata

Two protective structures around the oocyte

zona pellucida and corona radiata

Two names for a mature follicle

vesicular follicle or graafian follicle

What type of oocyte Is contained in the vesicular follicle

secondary oocyte arrested in M2

How many vesicular follicles mature per month

1

The vesicular follicle has many layers of

granulosa cells

What is the rupturing of the graafian follicle known as

ovulation

The corpus luteum has no

oocyte

What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum

progesterone and estrogen

What is the purpose of the secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum

to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy by building the lining and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy if fertilization occurs

How long does the corpus luteum last is there is no fertilization

10-13 days

whiteish connective scar tissue that is a remnant of the corpus luteum

corpus albicans

What does the hypothalamus release that begins puberty

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

What are the two gonadotropins that are released by the anterior pituitary

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

what produces sex hormones that trigger sexual matruation

Gonads (ovaries in females, testes in males)

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle

Follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle

Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase

FSH and LH increase _____ development

follicular

estrogen _____ the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

inhibits

The high levels of estrogen cause an LH surge that triggers

ovulation

After ovulation the corpus luteum forms and secretes large amounts of

progesterone and estrogen

What triggers menstruation

The dramatic drop in progesterone and estrogen levels after the corpus luteum degenerates

How long after ovulation does the uterine lining shed

Approximately 14 days

What hormone is secreted by the developing embryo

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

What does the hCG do to the corpus luteum

It stimulates the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen, thereby maintaining the uterine lining

when does the corpus luteum regress if fertilization occours

by the end of the third month of gestation

Fibromuscular passageway for a secondary oocyte and sperm, site of fertilization

Fallopian tube

Three layers of the fallopian tubes

mucosa, muscularis, serosa

The mucosa of the uterine tubes have ____ that draw oocyte into the tube and toward the uterus

cillia

How many layers compose the muscularis of the uterine tubes

two layers

Which layer of the fallopian tube propels the zygote through the uterus tube toward uterus

the muscularis

External membrane covering the fallopian tubes

serosa

Pear shaped organ that serves as the implantation site of the pre-embryo

uterus

The uterus protects and nourishes the developing embryo through

the vascular connection of the placenta

The uterus _____ the baby at birth

ejects

The uterus contracts and sheds the lining if

the oocyte is not fertilized

Regions of the uterus

fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix.

tunics of the uterine wall

endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium

is the perimetrium serosa or adventitia

serosa

How many layers of smooth muscle are in the myometrium

three

The endometrium is rich in

uterine glands

layer of the endometrium that does not shed

basal layer

Layer of the endometrium that grows from the basal layer under the influence of estrogen and progesterone; shed during the menstruation

functional layer

What two hormones influence the uterine cycle

Estrogen and progesterone

The menstrual phase lasts from days

1-5

The menses is the shedding of

the functional layer of the endometrium

The proliferative phase lasts from days

6-14

what happens during the proliferative phase

development of new functional layer

What days does the secretory phase occur

15-28

The secretory phase sees increased vascularization and uterine gland development because of

increased progesterone from the corpus luteum

How deep is the vagina when not arroused

2-4 in

How deep is the vagina during arousal

4-8 in

Female copulatory organ that functions as a a birth canal, receives penis during intercourse,

passageway for menstruation

vagina

Three layers of the vagina

mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

the mucosa of the vagina are highly

folded

the vagina produces ___ ____ that helps prevent infection

acidic mucin

Transverse fold near the vaginal opening

hymen

How many layers of smooth muscle make up the vagial muscularis

two

The ___ in the vagina has a large amount of elastic fibers that allow the vagina to stretch during birth

adventitia