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Reproductive cells are called
gametes
Mitosis results in two
identical daughter cels
Where does mitosis occour
in somatic cells
Why is mitosis important
for growth and repairs
What is the result of meiosis
4 different haploid cells
Where does meiosis occur
in gametes
what is the importance of meiosis
sexual reproductions
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from 46 to
23
Meiosis 1 is referred to as
reductional
Meiosis 2 is known as
equational
What are the steps of meiosis
PMAT1 and PMAT2
Different combination of genes is called
recombination
When does crossing over occur
prophase 1
What does crossing over occur between
homologous chromosomes
When does independent assortment occour
during metaphase I
What does independent assortment produce
random sets of maternal and paternal chromosomes
With crossing over, no two gametes are
the same
A1 seperates
homologous chromosomes
A2 separates
sister chromatids
paired oval organs
overies
the ovaries are ____ to the uterus
lateral
Ovaries are slightly larger than a
almond
The ovaries are anchored by cords and sheets of
conenctive tissue
what is the epithelium that covers the overies
germinal epithelium
Connective tissue capsule outside of the overies
tunica albuginea
Where are ovarian follicles found
in the ovarian cortex
Part of the ovary with connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, and nerves
medulla
Oocyte + follicular cells (granulosa cells)=
follicle
What type of oocyte is contained in the primordial follicle
primary oocyte in prophase 1
how many primordial follicles are present at birth
1.5 million
how many primordial follicles are present at puberty
400,000
The primordial follicle has a single layer of
flattened follicular cells
when are primordial follicles first observed
in the fetus
When are all follicles other than primordial follicles first oberved
puberty
What type of oocyte is contained within a primary follicle
primary oocyte in prophase 1
The primary follicle has multiple layers of
granulosa cells
the granular cells in the primary follicle secrete
estrogen
How many secondary follicles are seen per month
around 20
What type of oocyte is contained in a secondary follicle
primary oocyte in prophase 1
in which follicular stage does the antrum develop
in the secondary follicle
What is the protein coat on the secondary follicle
zona pellucida
What is the innermost layer of follicular cells on the secondary follicle
corona radiata
Two protective structures around the oocyte
zona pellucida and corona radiata
Two names for a mature follicle
vesicular follicle or graafian follicle
What type of oocyte Is contained in the vesicular follicle
secondary oocyte arrested in M2
How many vesicular follicles mature per month
1
The vesicular follicle has many layers of
granulosa cells
What is the rupturing of the graafian follicle known as
ovulation
The corpus luteum has no
oocyte
What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum
progesterone and estrogen
What is the purpose of the secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum
to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy by building the lining and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy if fertilization occurs
How long does the corpus luteum last is there is no fertilization
10-13 days
whiteish connective scar tissue that is a remnant of the corpus luteum
corpus albicans
What does the hypothalamus release that begins puberty
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
What are the two gonadotropins that are released by the anterior pituitary
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
what produces sex hormones that trigger sexual matruation
Gonads (ovaries in females, testes in males)
What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle
Follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase
What are the three phases of the uterine cycle
Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase
FSH and LH increase _____ development
follicular
estrogen _____ the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
inhibits
The high levels of estrogen cause an LH surge that triggers
ovulation
After ovulation the corpus luteum forms and secretes large amounts of
progesterone and estrogen
What triggers menstruation
The dramatic drop in progesterone and estrogen levels after the corpus luteum degenerates
How long after ovulation does the uterine lining shed
Approximately 14 days
What hormone is secreted by the developing embryo
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
What does the hCG do to the corpus luteum
It stimulates the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen, thereby maintaining the uterine lining
when does the corpus luteum regress if fertilization occours
by the end of the third month of gestation
Fibromuscular passageway for a secondary oocyte and sperm, site of fertilization
Fallopian tube
Three layers of the fallopian tubes
mucosa, muscularis, serosa
The mucosa of the uterine tubes have ____ that draw oocyte into the tube and toward the uterus
cillia
How many layers compose the muscularis of the uterine tubes
two layers
Which layer of the fallopian tube propels the zygote through the uterus tube toward uterus
the muscularis
External membrane covering the fallopian tubes
serosa
Pear shaped organ that serves as the implantation site of the pre-embryo
uterus
The uterus protects and nourishes the developing embryo through
the vascular connection of the placenta
The uterus _____ the baby at birth
ejects
The uterus contracts and sheds the lining if
the oocyte is not fertilized
Regions of the uterus
fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix.
tunics of the uterine wall
endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium
is the perimetrium serosa or adventitia
serosa
How many layers of smooth muscle are in the myometrium
three
The endometrium is rich in
uterine glands
layer of the endometrium that does not shed
basal layer
Layer of the endometrium that grows from the basal layer under the influence of estrogen and progesterone; shed during the menstruation
functional layer
What two hormones influence the uterine cycle
Estrogen and progesterone
The menstrual phase lasts from days
1-5
The menses is the shedding of
the functional layer of the endometrium
The proliferative phase lasts from days
6-14
what happens during the proliferative phase
development of new functional layer
What days does the secretory phase occur
15-28
The secretory phase sees increased vascularization and uterine gland development because of
increased progesterone from the corpus luteum
How deep is the vagina when not arroused
2-4 in
How deep is the vagina during arousal
4-8 in
Female copulatory organ that functions as a a birth canal, receives penis during intercourse,
passageway for menstruation
vagina
Three layers of the vagina
mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
the mucosa of the vagina are highly
folded
the vagina produces ___ ____ that helps prevent infection
acidic mucin
Transverse fold near the vaginal opening
hymen
How many layers of smooth muscle make up the vagial muscularis
two
The ___ in the vagina has a large amount of elastic fibers that allow the vagina to stretch during birth
adventitia