Anatomy Exam #4

functions of the heart

pump blood to lungs (right side) and the body (left side)

pulmonary circuit

carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs

systemic circuit

carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

heart location

mediastinum= middle of the chest

lies between the 2nd and 6th intercostal spaces

apex is to the left and anterior

base is superior and posterior

• major branches come off of the base

fibrous pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium

outside sac of dense irregular connective tissue

serous pericardium

Inner layer of pericardium with parietal and visceral layers.

• parietal layer on fibrous pericardium

• visceral layer on heart muscle

parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall

visceral layer

covers external surface of organs

pericardial cavity

space between the visceral and parietal pericardium that contains pericardial fluid

pericardial fluid

between the layers prevents friction when the heart beats

in the pericardial cavity

pericarditis

inflammation in the pericardial cavity

epicardium

outermost layer of the heart

visceral serous pericardium

myocardium

muscle layer

middle layer of the heart

endocardium

innermost layer of the heart

simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue

atria

right and left

receive blood

thin walled

auricles

ventricles

right and left

• walls of left ventricle are thinner

pump blood

thick walled

trabecula carnae

papillary muscles

auricles

flaps on the atria to increase the volume of the chamber and let the atria take in more blood

interventricular septum

separates ventricles

ventricular septum disorder (VSD)

hole in the septum between the ventricles

interarterial septum

separates atria

fossa ovalis

oval depression in interatrial septum of the R atrium

remnant of the foramen ovale

veins

bring blood to the heart

veins to the right atrium

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

veins to the left atrium

right pulmonary veins and left pulmonary veins

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

arteries to the lungs

pulmonary trunk

right and left pulmonary arteries

arteries to the aorta

ascending aorta

aortic arch

• brachiocephalic

  • right and right subclavian

left subclavian and left common carotid

descending: thoracic and abdominal

atrioventricular valves

cusps of connective tissue

• chordae tendinae

• papillary muscle

tricuspid- right valve

bicuspid- left valve (mitral)

prevent blood from going back into the atrias

semilunar valves

pulmonary valve and aortic valve

tricuspid valves without chordae tendinae

pulmonary valve

prevents blood flow back into the right ventricle

aortic valve

prevents blood flow back into left ventricle

systole

contracting

diastole

resting and expanding

lubb

AV valves close

dubb

semilunar valves closing

the loudest sound

average resting heart rate

40-80 bpm

max resting heart rate is about 220 - age

coronary vessels

arteries and veins on the heart

supply myocardium (heart muscle) with blood

start at the base of the aorta (aortic sinus- where arteries start branching)

right coronary artery

supplies right atrium and most of right ventricle

marginal and posterior interventricular arteries

marginal artery

supplies blood to the right ventricle

posterior interventricular artery

supplies blood to the the right and left ventricles

left coronary artery

supplies blood to the left side of the heart.

anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries

anterior interventricular artery

LAD - left anterior descending artery

known as the widow maker

supplies a lot of blood to the right ventricle which pumps to the body

if insufficient blood flow, can't get blood to body, leads to major blockages

circumflex artery

supplies blood to the left atrium and ventricle

artherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis

physical blockage to vessel caused by plaque in the vessels

great cardiac vein

runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery

drains blood from anterior side of the heart

small cardiac vein

runs with marginal artery

middle cardiac vein

runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery

drains blood on posterior side of the heart

posterior cardiac vein

runs with the circumflex artery

coronary sinus

on the base of heart on the posterior side

takes blood (deoxygenated) and brings it back to the right atrium

bypass surgery

new arteries off of the ascending aorta

takes a vessel from elsewhere and places a graft to bypass the present blockage

very invasive

angioplasty

surgical repair of a blood vessel

uses a balloon catheter to snake through the femoral artery until it reaches the blockage

inflates balloon to open up the lumen

leave a stent to prevent the lumen from collapsing back down

sinoatrial (SA) node

pacemaker of the heart

isolated SA node cells depolarize at 80-100 times per minute

parasympathetic nervous system affects SA node to lower resting HR to 70-80 bpm

starting point or heart contraction

posterior wall of right atrium

AV node

floor of the right atrium

purkinje fibers

wrap around outside of the ventricles

responsible for conveying electrical signal to ventricular myocardium

brachycardia

slower than normal HR

60 bpm or lower

tachycardia

higher than normal HR

greater than 100bpm

P-wave on ECG

atrial contraction

QRS wave on ECG

ventricular contraction

T-wave on ECG

ventricles repolarizing

CNS heart rate

parasympathetic system slows HR (vagus nerve)

sympathetic system increases HR

tunica interna

inner most layer

endothelium, elastic fibers, connective tissue

tunica media

smooth muscle, elastic fibers and connective tissue

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

tunica externa

adventitia

outermost layer

fibrous connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves

vasa vasorum: blood vessels to blood vessels, found on large arteries

elastic arteries

elastic- conducting

2nd pump

aneurisms common due to wall thinning

types of arteries

elastic, muscular, arterioles, capillaries

types of veins

venules and veins

lymphatic system

lymph vessels, lymph (fluid), lymphoid tissue, lymphoid organs

production of lymphocytes

maintains blood volume

alternate route for hormones, nutrients and waste products

lymph

watery fluid

contains: interstitial fluid, lymphocytes, macrophages

classes of lymphocytes

T cells- mature in thymus, source of direct attack - 80%

B cells- mature in bone marrow, antibody mediated immunity - 10-15%

NK cells- surveillance - 5-10%

lymphatic vessels

carry lymph from peripheral interstitial tissues to venous system (one way)

about 72% of the blood volume enters interstitial tissues a day

about 3 liters are absorbed

lacteal vessels in small intestines

lymphedema

edema, peripheral swelling

buildup of lymph fluid due to the body struggling to move interstitial fluid

arms and legs

superficial lymphatics

skin and loose connective tissue

deep lymphatics

skeletal muscles and organs

thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)

delivers lymph to the left subclavian vein

right lymphatic duct

delivers lymph to the right subclavian vein

tonsils

remove pathogens in the pharynx

pharyngeal (1)

palatine (2)

lingual (2)

lymphoid organs

lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

spleen

left side lateral to stomach

largest lymph organ

thymus

activation of T Cells

posterior to the sternum

functions of the respiratory system

movement of air for gas exchange

gas exchange between air and blood

produce sounds

protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration and temperature changes, and pathogenic microorganisms

assist in regulation of blood volume, blood pressure and fluid pH

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs

external respiration

gas exchange in the lungs

transport of gasses

circulation

internal respiration

gas exchange at tissues

upper respiratory tract

oral/nasal cavities

pharynx

critical for filtration, humidification and warming of air

lower respiratory tract

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (bronchioles, alveola)

conducting zone

anatomical structures necessary to move air (oxygen)

upper respiratory tract and part of lower

respiratory zone

structures necessary for gas exchange

respiratory epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

produce about 1 liter of mucus a day

nose and nasal cavity function

airway

warms and moistens air

filters air

chamber for speech

smell receptors

nasal cavity

external nares: visible nose hairs

internal nares: nose hairs inside

both external and internal nares help trap things like dirt that they to enter the nose

conchae - 3 sets

hard palate- maxillary bone

soft palate- muscle, uvula

nasal septum- separates left and right nostrils, fusion of ethmoid and vomer bones

nasal sinuses

frontal (4)

maxillary (2)

ethmoid (2)

sphenoid (1)

pharynx (throat)

back of nasal cavity to the esophagus/ trachea

- nasopharynx: end of hard palate to start of soft palate

- oropharynx: soft palate to epiglottis

- laryngopharynx: epiglottis to esophagus/trachea

larynx (voice box)

9 cartilages and hyoid bone

thyroid cartilage- laryngeal prominence- Adams apple

cricoid cartilage

epiglottis

arytenoid (2)

corniculate (2)

cuneiform (2)

thyrohyoid membrane

cricothyroid membrane

cricotracheal membrane

vocal fold

true vocal cord

elastic, allows to change shape but rebound to normal length

vestibular fold

false vocal fold

cough triggered if food or drink touches it

prevents foreign objects from entering the glottis

glottis

space between the vocal folds

diameter influences pitch as well as length and tension on the vocal fold

trachea

windpipe

11cm by 2.5cm

16-20 "C" shaped hyaline cartilages and annular ligaments

trachealis muscle is posterior

primary bronchii

the first branches of the trachea

one to the right, one to the left

not in the lung yet

secondary bronchii

lobar

the primary bronchi split into these smaller tubes within the lungs

right lung= 3

left lung= 2