Module 11 - Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/54

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

55 Terms

1
New cards

What is the purpose of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

Used to cure an infectious disease by combating causative pathogens using drugs with selective toxicity against them

2
New cards

What is chemotherapy?

The use of drugs to treat a disease

3
New cards

What is antibiotics?

A substance produced by a microbe that in small amounts inhibits the growth of another microbe

4
New cards

What are Paul Ehrlich’s contributions to the development of antimicrobial therapy?

Synthesized a series of specific antimicrobial drugs, the most famous being Salvarsan which was the first agent against syphilisD

5
New cards

What are Gerhard Domagk’s contributions to the development of antimicrobial therapy?

Demonstrated in mice experiments that sulfonamides could be used to counteract bacteria that cause blood poisoning (became a basis for the number of sulfa drugs which were the first antibiotics)

6
New cards

What are Alexander Fleming’s contributions to the development of antimicrobial therapy?

Observed staph aureus was inhibited by the growth of a contaminant on his plates (penicillin)

7
New cards

What are the sources of the most common antimicrobial drugs?Drugs t

Natural products, produced by bacteria or fungi, often found in the soil

8
New cards

What is selective toxcity?

Drugs that should kill or inhibit harmful microbial cells without killing or damaging host tissues

9
New cards

Broad spectrum Antimicrobials vs Narrow spectrum Antimicrobials

Broad: A drug that can kill a wide range of microorganisms

Narrow: Only can kill a certain population or type of microbial

10
New cards

Special considerations regarding eukaryotic pathogens

Yeast, protozoa, worms. They look like human cells, therefore the drugs used to kill these pathogens can affect human cells (toxic)

11
New cards

Special considerations regarding viruses

Intracellular pathogens. Once it affects the human host, it is hard to access that virus to destroy it because it is inside the cell

12
New cards

Special considerations regarding gram negative bacteria

Harder to kill with antibiotics because of the outer membrane

13
New cards

Special considerations regarding microbiota

Kill this off would allow the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens (candida yeast)

14
New cards

What are antimicrobial drugs?

Drugs that interfere with the growth of microbes within a host

15
New cards

What are the major categories of antimicrobial agents?

Origin, range of effectiveness, and whether they are naturally produced or chemically synthesized.

16
New cards

5 major targets of antibacterial agents

Inhibit cell wall synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, inhibit nucleic acid replication and transcription, injury to the plasma membrane, and inhibit the synthesis of essential metabolites

17
New cards

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, vancomycin, bacitracin, and isoniazid

18
New cards

Initiation of protein synthesis

Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin

19
New cards

Inhibit nucleic acid replication and transcription, injury to the plasma membrane

Quinolones and rifampin

20
New cards

Injury to plasma membrane

Polymyxin B

21
New cards

Inhibit of synthesis of essential metabolites

Sulfanilamide and trimethoprim

22
New cards

4 classes of antifungal drugs

Polyenes, azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins

23
New cards

Antiprotozoal drugs in use examples

24
New cards

Anthelminthic drugs in use examples

25
New cards

The major modes of action of antiviral drugs

26
New cards

What is therapeutic index?

27
New cards

Is a high or a low index preferable in a drug?

28
New cards

Toxicity to drugs vs allergic responses to drugs

29
New cards

Methods used for assessing antimicrobial susceptibility

30
New cards

What is antimicrobial resistance?

31
New cards

Inherent vs acquired resistance

32
New cards

How do microbes acquire antimicrobial resistance?

33
New cards

List five cellular or structural mechanisms that microbes use to resist antimicrobials

34
New cards

What is the action of beta-lactamases, and its importance in drug resistance?

35
New cards

How is clavulanic acid used to counter antimicrobial resistance?

36
New cards

What was the major contribution of Alexander Fleming to the development of antimicrobial therapy?

Identified penicillin, the first antibiotic

37
New cards

The Kirby-Bauer method is used to evaluate:

Antimicrobial susceptibility

38
New cards

Which antibiotic ultimately results in lysis of the bacterial cell?

Penicillin

39
New cards

Clavulanic acid (an ingredient in Augmentin) inhibits

Beta-lactamase activity

40
New cards

Why is difficult to treat viral pathogens?

They utilize our own cellular machinery to replicate

41
New cards

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body’s normal biota often cause

Superinfections

42
New cards

The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called

Chemotherapy

43
New cards

The multidrug-resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function

Removing the drug from the cell when it enters

44
New cards

There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anthelminthic drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa, and helminths

are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult to achieve

45
New cards

Sulfa drugs work on

folic acid biosynthesis

46
New cards

Each of the following results in drug resistance, except

a drug being used as a nutrient by the cell

47
New cards

Antimicrobials effective against just a few microbial types are termed

Narrow-spectrum drugs

48
New cards

What was the major contribution of Gerhardt Domagk to the development of antimicrobial therapy?

Discovered Prontosil, the first sulfa drug

49
New cards

Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include

High toxicity against microbial cells, stability and solubility in body tissues or fluids, and low toxicity for human tissues

50
New cards

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include

Bacterial chromosomal mutations, synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure, alternation of drug receptors on cell targets, and prevention of drug entry into the cell

51
New cards
52
New cards
53
New cards
54
New cards
55
New cards