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What is the purpose of antimicrobial chemotherapy?
Used to cure an infectious disease by combating causative pathogens using drugs with selective toxicity against them
What is chemotherapy?
The use of drugs to treat a disease
What is antibiotics?
A substance produced by a microbe that in small amounts inhibits the growth of another microbe
What are Paul Ehrlich’s contributions to the development of antimicrobial therapy?
Synthesized a series of specific antimicrobial drugs, the most famous being Salvarsan which was the first agent against syphilisD
What are Gerhard Domagk’s contributions to the development of antimicrobial therapy?
Demonstrated in mice experiments that sulfonamides could be used to counteract bacteria that cause blood poisoning (became a basis for the number of sulfa drugs which were the first antibiotics)
What are Alexander Fleming’s contributions to the development of antimicrobial therapy?
Observed staph aureus was inhibited by the growth of a contaminant on his plates (penicillin)
What are the sources of the most common antimicrobial drugs?Drugs t
Natural products, produced by bacteria or fungi, often found in the soil
What is selective toxcity?
Drugs that should kill or inhibit harmful microbial cells without killing or damaging host tissues
Broad spectrum Antimicrobials vs Narrow spectrum Antimicrobials
Broad: A drug that can kill a wide range of microorganisms
Narrow: Only can kill a certain population or type of microbial
Special considerations regarding eukaryotic pathogens
Yeast, protozoa, worms. They look like human cells, therefore the drugs used to kill these pathogens can affect human cells (toxic)
Special considerations regarding viruses
Intracellular pathogens. Once it affects the human host, it is hard to access that virus to destroy it because it is inside the cell
Special considerations regarding gram negative bacteria
Harder to kill with antibiotics because of the outer membrane
Special considerations regarding microbiota
Kill this off would allow the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens (candida yeast)
What are antimicrobial drugs?
Drugs that interfere with the growth of microbes within a host
What are the major categories of antimicrobial agents?
Origin, range of effectiveness, and whether they are naturally produced or chemically synthesized.
5 major targets of antibacterial agents
Inhibit cell wall synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, inhibit nucleic acid replication and transcription, injury to the plasma membrane, and inhibit the synthesis of essential metabolites
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, vancomycin, bacitracin, and isoniazid
Initiation of protein synthesis
Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin
Inhibit nucleic acid replication and transcription, injury to the plasma membrane
Quinolones and rifampin
Injury to plasma membrane
Polymyxin B
Inhibit of synthesis of essential metabolites
Sulfanilamide and trimethoprim
4 classes of antifungal drugs
Polyenes, azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins
Antiprotozoal drugs in use examples
Anthelminthic drugs in use examples
The major modes of action of antiviral drugs
What is therapeutic index?
Is a high or a low index preferable in a drug?
Toxicity to drugs vs allergic responses to drugs
Methods used for assessing antimicrobial susceptibility
What is antimicrobial resistance?
Inherent vs acquired resistance
How do microbes acquire antimicrobial resistance?
List five cellular or structural mechanisms that microbes use to resist antimicrobials
What is the action of beta-lactamases, and its importance in drug resistance?
How is clavulanic acid used to counter antimicrobial resistance?
What was the major contribution of Alexander Fleming to the development of antimicrobial therapy?
Identified penicillin, the first antibiotic
The Kirby-Bauer method is used to evaluate:
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Which antibiotic ultimately results in lysis of the bacterial cell?
Penicillin
Clavulanic acid (an ingredient in Augmentin) inhibits
Beta-lactamase activity
Why is difficult to treat viral pathogens?
They utilize our own cellular machinery to replicate
Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body’s normal biota often cause
Superinfections
The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called
Chemotherapy
The multidrug-resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function
Removing the drug from the cell when it enters
There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anthelminthic drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa, and helminths
are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult to achieve
Sulfa drugs work on
folic acid biosynthesis
Each of the following results in drug resistance, except
a drug being used as a nutrient by the cell
Antimicrobials effective against just a few microbial types are termed
Narrow-spectrum drugs
What was the major contribution of Gerhardt Domagk to the development of antimicrobial therapy?
Discovered Prontosil, the first sulfa drug
Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include
High toxicity against microbial cells, stability and solubility in body tissues or fluids, and low toxicity for human tissues
The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include
Bacterial chromosomal mutations, synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure, alternation of drug receptors on cell targets, and prevention of drug entry into the cell