Public Speaking Exam #1

1. public speaking is more planned than conversation

2. public speaking is more formal than conversation

3. In public speaking, the roles of speaker and audience are more clearly defined.

Public Speaking vs. Everyday Conversation

1. Source

2. Message

3. Channel

4. Receiver

5. Noise

the communication process

sender → channel → receiver

linear model of communication

transactional

people can send and receive messages at the same time

encoding

the process of taking an idea or mental image, associating them with words, and then speaking those words in order to convey a message

decoding

listening to words, thinking about them, and turning those words into mental images.

communicator

all of the people n the interaction or speech setting

message

the verbal and nonverbal behaviors, enacted by communicators, that are interpreted with meaning by others

channel

the means through which the message travels (our senses, TV, etc)

noise

anything that interferes with message transmission or reception

physiological noise

bodily processes and states that interfere with a message

psychological noise

mental states or emotional states that impede message transmission or reception

physical noise

sound level of the room

cultural noise

message interference due to peoples different worldviews

epistemology

the way we acquire knowledge and/or what counts as knowledge (ex. research)

ontology

our belief system, how we see the nature of realty or what we see as true or false

axiology

our value system, what we see as right or wrong, good or bad, etc.

cosmology

the way that we see our relationship to the universe and to other people

praxeology

denotes our preferred method of completing everyday tasks or our approach to solving problems.

1. select a useful topic

2. create a strong introduction

3. Clearly organize the speech

4. Use clear/vivid language

5. Effectively use vocal expressions

6. Use appropriate nonverbals

7. Adapt speech to audience

8. Use visual aids appropriately

9. Sound persuasion

Components of a Competent Public Speaker

ethics

the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which we determine what is right and wrong.

• have a clear, responsible goal

• use critical thinking skills to form arguments and draw conclusions

• be sensitive to and tolerant of differences

• Use inclusive language

• be honest

• avoid plagiarism

• Acknowledge your sources

• cite sources correctly

How to speak ethically

global plagerism

where the speaker presents a speech that is not his or her own work

patchwork plagerism

when one “patches” together bits and pieces from one or more sources and present the end result as his or her own

incremental plagerism

when most of the speech is the speaker’s original work, but quotes or other information have been used without being cited

ethical listener

one who actively interprets shared materials and analyzes the content and speaker’s effectiveness

ethical feedback

a descriptive and explanatory response to the speaker

fact-inference confusion

when you treat inferences as if they are facts

Hearing is accidental, involuntary, and effortless; listening is focused, voluntary, and intentional

difference between hearing and listening

appreciative listening

when we listen for entertainment (music, audiobook, TV)

relational listening

when we listen to develop and/or maintain relationships with others.

empathetic listening

when you truly try and put yourself in the shoes of another person and listen to be able to provide emotional support for someone

informational/comprehensive listening

listening to try and comprehend and add to what you already know

critical listening

when we listen specifically in order to evaluate a message

appreciative listening, relational listening, empathetic listening, informational/comprehensive listening, critical listening

types of listening

information overload, personal concerns/psychological noise, outside distractions, rapid thought, receiver apprehension, judging, reacting emotionally

Barriers to effective listening

information overload

getting too much information at one time.

personal concerns/psychological noise

thinking about other things, hearing but not listening

outside distractions

can’t hear (physical noise)

rapid thought

process words at a faster rate than people can speak (700/125)

receiver apprehension

anxious about listening

judging

jumping to conclusions, judging speaker instead of message

reacting emotionally

hard to focus during or after being emotional

pay attention to the message and delivery style, be a selfish listener, listen for major ideas, identify listening goals, practice listening, become an active listener

How to become an effective listener

Attention, Attitude, Adjustment

3 A’s of Active Listening

1. Direct observation (direct experience)

   1. Easiest/most convenient

   2. observations

   3. Ask questions

2. Inference

   1. inductive reasoning based on observations

3. Collect Data

   1. Questionnaires

How to Analyze your Audience

time, location, size of audience, occasion

Situational Analysis

age, gender, major, year in school, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, etc.

Demographic Analysis

know where you audience stands on issues such as attitudes, beliefs, values, interests

Psychological analysis

1. measure nonverbal responses

2. cumulate audience verbal responses

3. use questionnaires again for survey responses

4. note behavioral responses

4 Methods of Post Speech Analysis