Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction

Flashcards for reviewing chromosomes and cellular reproduction concepts.

Prokaryote

Cells with a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and circular DNA, including bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryote

Cells with a nucleus, nuclear envelope, linear DNA, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuole, chloroplast, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane, found in animal and plant cells.

Virus

Proteins and nucleic acids (2 macromolecules) that cannot reproduce unless they infect a cell.

Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells resulting in identical daughter cells.

Kinetochore

The location on the chromosome where spindle microtubules attach during cell division.

Centromere

The point of attachment for two sister chromatids.

Telomere

Protective structure at the end of chromosome for stability.

Cell Cycle

The process of cell growth, DNA replication, and preparation for cell division.

G phases

Cell growth, ↑ second - watch out for mutations [phases S first -> 3 phases GliS, G2 jey ↳DNA replication after have structure of Sister chromatios

Prophase

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense and each possesses two sister chromatids, and the mitotic spindle forms.

Prometaphase

The phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane breaks down to allow access to kinetochores.

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate.

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles.

Telophase

The phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane reforms, spindle fibers disintegrate, and chromosomes relax.

Genetic Consequences of Mitosis

Produces two cells that are genetically identical to each other and with the cell that gave rise to them.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

Meiosis I

The first division of meiosis, which includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.

Late Prophase I

The stage in meiosis I where homologous chromosomes pair and crossing over takes place.

Metaphase I

The stage in meiosis I where homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate.

Anaphase I

The stage in meiosis I where homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles.

Telophase I

The stage in meiosis I where chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles, and the cytoplasm divides.

Meiosis II

The second division of meiosis, including prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II, results in four haploid cells.

Crossing Over

The process where crossing over takes place between non-sister chromatids during meiosis. occurs in prophase 1

Spermatogenesis

Cell division in males that results in sperm (produces 4 sperm)

Oogenesis

Cell division in females that results in eggs

only one is viable