Therapeutic Exercise Exam II Study Guide

What are the three key considerations for spine exercises?

Mobility, stability, and strengthening exercises

What is the purpose of kinesthetic training for the spine?

Awareness of functional range that is pain-free

During extremity motions for dynamic stabilization, what must stabilizer muscles do?

Keep spine in neutral

What is the progression for positions emphasizing flexion in spine stabilization?

Supine → sitting → standing with wall support → standing no support → standing on unstable surface

What is the progression for positions emphasizing extension in spine stabilization?

Prone → quadruped → standing back supported → standing no support → standing on unstable surface

Prior to every lumbar stabilization exercise, what two actions should be performed?

Find neutral spine and perform abdominal bracing

What are some common compensations during heel slides?

Hip abduction, hip hike

What are some common compensations during the Thomas-test stretch?

Hip external rotation and abduction

What are some common compensations during the Fencer stretch?

Anterior pelvic tilt, lumbar extension, hip external rotation

What are some common compensations during a self-stretch of the rectus femoris (standing)?

Lumbar hyperextension, side bending

What are some common compensations during a self-stretch of the rectus femoris (prone)?

Hip abduction, external rotation, lumbar hyperextension

What is a common compensation during self-stretch for piriformis?

Thoracic flexion

What is a common compensation during self-stretching exercise to increase hip internal rotation?

Motion only coming from trunk

What is a common compensation during self-stretch of hamstrings (supine)?

Knee flexion, hip abduction or adduction

What is a common compensation during self-stretch of hamstrings (seated)?

Lumbar flexion

What is a common compensation during self-stretch of TFL and IT band?

Trunk rolling backwards

When performing isometric hip extension for low-level strengthening, what muscle is targeted?

Gluteus maximus

During SAQ/TKE exercises, what muscle group is being strengthened?

Knee extensors

When performing 4-way hip extension (non-standing) with the knee straight, what muscles are primarily targeted?

Glutes and hamstrings

When performing 4-way hip extension (non-standing) with the knee bent, what muscle is isolated?

Glute max

What movement is targeted during Clam shell exercises?

Hip external rotation strengthening

When performing dorsiflexion exercises, which muscle is targeted?

Tibialis anterior

When performing dorsiflexion and inversion exercises, which muscle is targeted?

Tibialis posterior

When performing plantarflexion exercises, which muscles are targeted?

Gastrocnemius and soleus

When performing plantarflexion and eversion exercises, which muscle is targeted?

Peroneal

What are some common compensations during isometric hip extension?

Quad contraction

What are some common compensations during isometric knee extension?

Glute activation

What is a common compensation during Short-arc quad/TKE exercises?

Hyperextension

What are some common compensations during 4-way hip (non-standing) flexion?

Loss of full knee extension

What are some common compensations during 4-way hip (non-standing) abduction?

Hip flexion, trunk rotation, hip external rotation

What are some common compensations during quadruped leg lifts?

Pelvic anterior rotation, lumbar hyperextension

What are some common compensations during Clam shell exercises?

Trunk rotation

What phase is needed for an exercise to be considered a plyometric exercise?

Amortization Phase; the time between the eccentric and concentric actions.

List the following exercises in order of difficulty: squats, lunges, hopping.

Squats, Lunges, Hopping

List some precautions for aquatic exercise?

Fear of water, Neurological disorders: ataxia, heat intolerant MS, epilepsy, Respiratory disorders: hydrostatic pressure, inhibits lung expansion, Cardiac dysfunction: angina, abnormal blood pressure, heart disease, Small, open wounds

List some contraindications for aquatic exercise?

Early cardiac failure/unstable angina, Respiratory dysfunction, vital capacity <1 liter, Severe peripheral vascular disease, Danger of bleeding or hemorrhage, Severe kidney disease, Open wounds without occlusive dressing, colostomy, skin infections, Uncontrolled bowel or bladder, Menstruation without internal protection, Water and airborne infections or diseases, Uncontrolled seizures during past year

What beneficial property of water provides joint unloading during aquatic therapy?

Buoyancy

What percentage of weight-bearing is experienced at the C7 immersion level during aquatic therapy?

10%

What percentage of weight-bearing is experienced at the Xiphoid process immersion level during aquatic therapy?

25%-30%

What percentage of weight-bearing is experienced at the ASIS immersion level during aquatic therapy?

50%-60%

What beneficial property of water limits or reduces effusion during aquatic therapy?

Hydrostatic pressure

What beneficial property of water increases resistance to movement during aquatic therapy?

Viscosity

What water temperatures are recommended for mobility/flexibility, strengthening, gait training, and muscle relaxation during aquatic therapy?

78-95 degrees

What water temperatures are recommended for cardiovascular training and aerobic exercise during aquatic therapy?

78-82 degrees

What water temperatures are recommended for intense aerobic exercise (above 80% max HR) during aquatic therapy?

71-78 degrees

What is adverse mechanical neural tension (AMNT)?

Inability of nervous tissue or dura to sufficiently lengthen

What are some Subjective signs and symptoms of AMNT?

Deep ache or stretch with movement, Paresthesia: nerve pain of burning, tingling, prickling sensation

What are some Objective signs and symptoms of AMNT?

Guarding to keep nerve slacked, Position special tests

How are neural mobilization treatments performed?

Increase tension on one end of nerve track while slacking the other end, slow and gentle oscillations 3-4 minutes, 5-6x/day

List some contraindications for neural mobilizations?

Acute or unstable neurological signs, Cauda equina symptoms, Spinal cord injury or symptoms, Neoplasm and infection

What is postural balance?

Keeping center of gravity (COG) within base of support (BOS)

What are normal limits of stability for A/P sway?

12.5 degrees

What are normal limits of stability for lateral sway?

16 degrees

What strategy is used when displacements are small during postural balance?

Ankle strategy

What strategy is used when ankle motion is limited, displacement is greater and/or standing on unstable surface that disallows ankle strategy during postural balance?

Hip strategy

What strategy is used if displacement is large enough, a forward or backward step is used to regain postural control?

Stepping Strategy

What are different balance training progressions?

Eyes open → eyes closed, Wide BOS → narrow BOS → modified tandem → tandem, DLS → SLS, Add UE movements (Reaching, Ball catches → reaching ball catches), Add LE movements, Single plant to multi-planar movements, Add manual perturbations, Stable → unstable surfaces, Add trunk rotations and/or head movements, Add mental task (dual tasking), Static → walking → walking on uneven surface, UE support → no UE support, Slow movement → fast movements