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What are the three key considerations for spine exercises?
Mobility, stability, and strengthening exercises
What is the purpose of kinesthetic training for the spine?
Awareness of functional range that is pain-free
During extremity motions for dynamic stabilization, what must stabilizer muscles do?
Keep spine in neutral
What is the progression for positions emphasizing flexion in spine stabilization?
Supine → sitting → standing with wall support → standing no support → standing on unstable surface
What is the progression for positions emphasizing extension in spine stabilization?
Prone → quadruped → standing back supported → standing no support → standing on unstable surface
Prior to every lumbar stabilization exercise, what two actions should be performed?
Find neutral spine and perform abdominal bracing
What are some common compensations during heel slides?
Hip abduction, hip hike
What are some common compensations during the Thomas-test stretch?
Hip external rotation and abduction
What are some common compensations during the Fencer stretch?
Anterior pelvic tilt, lumbar extension, hip external rotation
What are some common compensations during a self-stretch of the rectus femoris (standing)?
Lumbar hyperextension, side bending
What are some common compensations during a self-stretch of the rectus femoris (prone)?
Hip abduction, external rotation, lumbar hyperextension
What is a common compensation during self-stretch for piriformis?
Thoracic flexion
What is a common compensation during self-stretching exercise to increase hip internal rotation?
Motion only coming from trunk
What is a common compensation during self-stretch of hamstrings (supine)?
Knee flexion, hip abduction or adduction
What is a common compensation during self-stretch of hamstrings (seated)?
Lumbar flexion
What is a common compensation during self-stretch of TFL and IT band?
Trunk rolling backwards
When performing isometric hip extension for low-level strengthening, what muscle is targeted?
Gluteus maximus
During SAQ/TKE exercises, what muscle group is being strengthened?
Knee extensors
When performing 4-way hip extension (non-standing) with the knee straight, what muscles are primarily targeted?
Glutes and hamstrings
When performing 4-way hip extension (non-standing) with the knee bent, what muscle is isolated?
Glute max
What movement is targeted during Clam shell exercises?
Hip external rotation strengthening
When performing dorsiflexion exercises, which muscle is targeted?
Tibialis anterior
When performing dorsiflexion and inversion exercises, which muscle is targeted?
Tibialis posterior
When performing plantarflexion exercises, which muscles are targeted?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
When performing plantarflexion and eversion exercises, which muscle is targeted?
Peroneal
What are some common compensations during isometric hip extension?
Quad contraction
What are some common compensations during isometric knee extension?
Glute activation
What is a common compensation during Short-arc quad/TKE exercises?
Hyperextension
What are some common compensations during 4-way hip (non-standing) flexion?
Loss of full knee extension
What are some common compensations during 4-way hip (non-standing) abduction?
Hip flexion, trunk rotation, hip external rotation
What are some common compensations during quadruped leg lifts?
Pelvic anterior rotation, lumbar hyperextension
What are some common compensations during Clam shell exercises?
Trunk rotation
What phase is needed for an exercise to be considered a plyometric exercise?
Amortization Phase; the time between the eccentric and concentric actions.
List the following exercises in order of difficulty: squats, lunges, hopping.
Squats, Lunges, Hopping
List some precautions for aquatic exercise?
Fear of water, Neurological disorders: ataxia, heat intolerant MS, epilepsy, Respiratory disorders: hydrostatic pressure, inhibits lung expansion, Cardiac dysfunction: angina, abnormal blood pressure, heart disease, Small, open wounds
List some contraindications for aquatic exercise?
Early cardiac failure/unstable angina, Respiratory dysfunction, vital capacity <1 liter, Severe peripheral vascular disease, Danger of bleeding or hemorrhage, Severe kidney disease, Open wounds without occlusive dressing, colostomy, skin infections, Uncontrolled bowel or bladder, Menstruation without internal protection, Water and airborne infections or diseases, Uncontrolled seizures during past year
What beneficial property of water provides joint unloading during aquatic therapy?
Buoyancy
What percentage of weight-bearing is experienced at the C7 immersion level during aquatic therapy?
10%
What percentage of weight-bearing is experienced at the Xiphoid process immersion level during aquatic therapy?
25%-30%
What percentage of weight-bearing is experienced at the ASIS immersion level during aquatic therapy?
50%-60%
What beneficial property of water limits or reduces effusion during aquatic therapy?
Hydrostatic pressure
What beneficial property of water increases resistance to movement during aquatic therapy?
Viscosity
What water temperatures are recommended for mobility/flexibility, strengthening, gait training, and muscle relaxation during aquatic therapy?
78-95 degrees
What water temperatures are recommended for cardiovascular training and aerobic exercise during aquatic therapy?
78-82 degrees
What water temperatures are recommended for intense aerobic exercise (above 80% max HR) during aquatic therapy?
71-78 degrees
What is adverse mechanical neural tension (AMNT)?
Inability of nervous tissue or dura to sufficiently lengthen
What are some Subjective signs and symptoms of AMNT?
Deep ache or stretch with movement, Paresthesia: nerve pain of burning, tingling, prickling sensation
What are some Objective signs and symptoms of AMNT?
Guarding to keep nerve slacked, Position special tests
How are neural mobilization treatments performed?
Increase tension on one end of nerve track while slacking the other end, slow and gentle oscillations 3-4 minutes, 5-6x/day
List some contraindications for neural mobilizations?
Acute or unstable neurological signs, Cauda equina symptoms, Spinal cord injury or symptoms, Neoplasm and infection
What is postural balance?
Keeping center of gravity (COG) within base of support (BOS)
What are normal limits of stability for A/P sway?
12.5 degrees
What are normal limits of stability for lateral sway?
16 degrees
What strategy is used when displacements are small during postural balance?
Ankle strategy
What strategy is used when ankle motion is limited, displacement is greater and/or standing on unstable surface that disallows ankle strategy during postural balance?
Hip strategy
What strategy is used if displacement is large enough, a forward or backward step is used to regain postural control?
Stepping Strategy
What are different balance training progressions?
Eyes open → eyes closed, Wide BOS → narrow BOS → modified tandem → tandem, DLS → SLS, Add UE movements (Reaching, Ball catches → reaching ball catches), Add LE movements, Single plant to multi-planar movements, Add manual perturbations, Stable → unstable surfaces, Add trunk rotations and/or head movements, Add mental task (dual tasking), Static → walking → walking on uneven surface, UE support → no UE support, Slow movement → fast movements