muscle review

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48 Terms

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Aerobic

Referring to exercise or processes that require oxygen.

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Anaerobic

Referring to exercise or processes that do not require oxygen.

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Fascia

A connective tissue that surrounds muscles and organs.

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Tendon

A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

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Ligament

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.

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Aponeurosis

A flattened tendon that connects muscle to muscle or muscle to bone.

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Fascicle

A bundle of muscle fibers grouped together.

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Epimysium

The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle.

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Perimysium

The connective tissue surrounding fascicles within a muscle.

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Endomysium

The thin layer of connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber.

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Muscle fiber

The basic cellular unit of a muscle, also known as a myocyte.

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Myofibrils

Long, thread-like structures within muscle fibers that are responsible for contraction.

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Actin

A protein that forms thin filaments in muscle fibers and is involved in muscle contraction.

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Myosin

A protein that forms thick filaments in muscle fibers and interacts with actin to facilitate contraction.

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Sarcomere

The basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber.

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Sarcolemma

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell.

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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells that stores calcium ions.

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Motor neuron

A nerve cell that conveys impulses to muscles, causing them to contract.

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Motor unit

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

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Neuromuscular junction

The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

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Neurotransmitter

Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse; acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter for muscle contraction.

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Synaptic cleft

The small gap between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction.

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Contractility

The ability of muscle fibers to contract and generate force.

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Excitability

The capacity of muscle or nerve cells to respond to stimuli.

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Extensibility

The capability of muscle fibers to be stretched.

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Elasticity

The ability of a muscle to return to its original shape after being stretched.

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Atrophy

A decrease in muscle size, often due to lack of use.

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Hypertrophy

An increase in muscle size due to exercise or resistance training.

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Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction.

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Cholinesterase

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

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Calcium

A mineral essential for muscle contraction; released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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Creatine Phosphate

A molecule that provides a rapid source of energy for muscle contraction.

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Sarcoplasm

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell, containing myofibrils and other organelles.

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T-tubules

Extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate into the muscle fiber, facilitating the distribution of action potentials.

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Troponin

A regulatory protein that binds calcium and helps control muscle contraction.

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Tropomyosin

A protein that blocks the binding sites on actin when muscle is relaxed.

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ATP

A molecule that provides energy for muscle contractions.

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ADP-P

A molecule formed when ATP is hydrolyzed, releasing energy for muscle contraction.

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Tendonitis

Inflammation of a tendon, often due to overuse.

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Strain

An injury to a muscle or tendon caused by overstretching.

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Spasm

A sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle.

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Myalgia

Muscle pain.

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Torticollis

A condition characterized by a twisted neck and contraction of neck muscles.

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Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy

A genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness.

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Myasthenia gravis

An autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness and fatigue.

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Tetanus

A bacterial infection that affects the nervous system, leading to painful muscle contractions.

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Hernia

A condition where an organ pushes through an opening in the muscle or tissue that holds it in place.

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Contracture

The permanent tightening of muscles or tendons leading to restricted movement.