Chapters 1-4

What is a legal term referring to the degree of care, skill, and treatment which is recognized as acceptable and appropriate by reasonably prudent similar health care providers?

Standard care

What does JRCERT regulate?

Essentials and Guidelines/Standards

What does the ARRT regulate?

Standards of ethics (code and rules of ethics)

What does the ASRT regulate?

Practice standards (scope of practice)

What is a breach of duty to adhere to a standard of care, or any act or omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that deviates from the accepted norms of practice in the medical community and causes an injury to the patient?

Medical Malpractice

What is the failure to do something that a reasonable person of ordinary prudence would do in a certain situation?

Medical Negligence

When do liability issues increase?

When techs cross specialization lines and practice in fields in which they have limited education and experience

What is the state of being bound by law or justice to do something or make good something?

Liability

What is met when technologists obtain and maintain certification or registration in their areas of expertise?

Educational Standards

What can be done to maintain currency in a techs field?

Attend CE programs, read published articles and professional materials

What may be in the form of a scope of practice or a series of guidelines set forth to determine what these health care specialists should and should not do under certain circumstances?

Professional Standard

What was the result of efforts by the Clinton administration and congressional proponents to reform health care?

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996)

What are the four primary objectives of HIPAA?

• Ensure health insurance portability by eliminating "job lock" caused by preexisting medical conditions
  

• Reduce health care fraud and abuse
  

• Enforce standards for health information
  

• Guarantee security and privacy of health info

What is the tech's primary concern when dealing with HIPAA compliance?

Patient Confidentiality

What is the study of drugs, their sources, their nature, their properties, and how the body reacts (study of drugs in living systems)?

Pharmacology

What was the first antibiotic to fight bacterial infections?

Penicillin

What is the generic name?

Active chemical ingredient

What is the brand name?

Name from the manufacturer

Who is responsible for protecting the public against fraudulent claims by manufacturers or merchants of food or drugs?

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

What three things are ascertained on animals before drugs undergo human studies?

Toxicity, therapeutic index, modes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

What medications require a prescription and give an example of one?

Legend drugs (Contrast Media)

What are narcotic pain relievers, sedative hypnotic, and anti anxiety drugs called?

Controlled Substances

What are the schedules for controlled substances?

CI-CV

What do the Roman numerals for controlled substances indicate?

Lower #, greater potential for abuse

What schedule of controlled drug is illegal?

C-I

What schedule of controlled drug must be stored behind double lock and key?

C-II

The usage of what can be dangerous due to adverse effects and serious drug interactions?

Herbal products

Who owns a patient’s medical chart?

The hospital

What should tell an accurate, chronologic history of events as they occur under the supervision of medical professionals?

Charting

What is the most popular approach to recording and accessing patient medical data?

POMR (Problem Oriented Medical Record)

What is the most complete drug reference for intense and rapid information gathering and what is its downside?

MicroMedex (expensive)

What is the area of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration?

Biopharmaceutics

What is a substance into which a drug is compounded for initial delivery into the body?

Drug vehicle

What are the different dosage forms?

Solid, liquid gas, or any combination of these

What generally consists of an active ingredient, various fillers and disintegrators, dyes, flavoring agents, and an outside coating

Tablet

What consists of either a hard or soft gelatin shell designed to mask taste, allow for ease of swallowing, and contribute to a controlled-release mechanism?

Capsule

What are generally in the form of lozenges or pastilles; solids that contain medicine in a hard sugar or glycerinated gelatin base designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth?

Troches

What are solid dosage forms generally designed for vaginal or rectal delivery and body temp causes medication to melt?

Compressed suppositories or inserts

What dosage form is used to administer medication by virtually all routes conceivable and include solutions, emulsions, and suspensions?

Liquid dosage forms

What is a homogenous mix of solid, liquid or gas dissolved in another liquid?

Solution

What are two liquids that won't mix together?

Emulsion

What is a solid medication dispersed throughout a liquid medium?

Suspension

What dosage forms are given by injection under or through one or more layers of the skin or mucous membranes

Parenteral

What dosage form is typically used for oxygen therapy, anesthesia, and aerosol inhalers?

Gas

In what type of solution forms must medication be in in order to be absorbed?

Liquid or Gas

What consists of the process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated throughout the body?

Pharmakinetics

What process must occur in order for systemic action to take place and what bypasses this process?

Absorption process, IV Injection

What 6 things does the rate and extent of drug absorption depend on?

Surface area, blood flow, concentration, acid-base properties, lipophilicity, compatibility with other chemicals or drugs

What are the largest surface areas for absorption in the human body?

GI Rugae and Pulmonary alveoli

What must be occurring at the absorbing surface to allow entry into the systemic circulation?

Blood flow

How do drugs in a solution move in regards to concentration?

Moves from high to low

What is the most common means by which drugs traverse cellular membranes?

Passive diffusion

Does a charged (ionized) particle move across a cell membrane easier than a non-ionized (neutral) particle?

No

Are weak acids ionized or non-ionized in an acidic medium?

Non-ionized

Are weak acids ionized or non-ionized in alkaline mediums?

Ionized

When does a weak acid cross barriers the best?

Acidic medium because it is non-ionized

What is the transport of a drug in body fluids from the bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to its site of action?

Distribution

Drugs go everywhere the blood goes with what two exceptions?

Blood brain barrier and placental barrier

What 3 factors affect distribution of a drug

Cardiac output: blood pumped to the heart per min
Regional blood flow: amount of blood supplied to the area
Drug reservoirs: drug accumulations bound to specific sites

What is metabolism also known as?

Biotransformation

What organ is primarily responsible for metabolism of drugs?

Liver

What is the term for when drugs administered orally normally pass through the liver first which causes a significant breakdown of the active ingredient?

First pass metabolism

Elimination or excretion of drugs from the body is primarily done by which organ?

Kidneys

What is the study of how the effects of a drug are manifested?

Pharmacodynamics

What is the method by which a drug's effect is initiated?

Mechanism of action

What are specific biological sites located on a cell surface or which a cell?

Receptors

What is the term for when a drug stimulates or enhances the body's natural response, give an example?

An agonist interaction, Ex. Epinephrine

What stimulates beta-2 receptors in the lungs to cause bronchodilation which is normally stimulated by adrenaline?

Epinephrine

What is the term for when a drug is designed to block the receptors for which they have affinity and what is an example?

Antagonist interaction, ex antihistamine

What is a biological catalyst that is almost always a protein and speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in a cell?

Enzyme

What is a drug that acts exclusively by physical means outside of cells?

Non-specific drug interaction

What is the degree to which a drug is able to produce the desired effect?

Efficacy

What is the relative concentration required to produce the effect?

Potency

What is the highest plasma concentration attained from a dose?

Peak serum concentration

What is the time required for the current serum drug concentration to decline by 50%?

Half-life of elimination

What is a measure of the relative safety of a drug?

Therapeutic index

What is the therapeutic index the ratio of? As the concentration gets close to what number is the drug more dangerous?

The lethal dose/the effective dose, closer to 1 the more dangerous

What is a predictable pharmacological action on body systems other than the action intended?

Side effect

What is an unwanted effect that is more severe or life threatening?

Adverse effect

What is the interval between the time a drug is administrated and the first sign of its effect?

Onset of action or latent period

What results from an immune response by the body against the drug and is not necessarily related to dose?

Allergic reaction

When two drugs act together to give a pharmacological response that is greater than expected?

Synergism

When two drugs with different chemical compositions are placed together, they may become an insoluble complex, or they may chemically destroy their activity?

Chemical incompatibility