aphg unit 4

the test is in 5 hrs

What is a state?

A political entity with defined territory, permanent population, and recognized sovereignty.

What is sovereignty?

The authority of a political unit to govern itself without external interference.

What is a nation?

A group of people sharing common cultural elements, history, and a desire for self-rule.

What is self-determination?

The principle that a group has the right to govern itself independently.

What is a nation-state?

A political unit where the boundaries align closely with a single cultural group.

What is a multinational state?

A political unit containing multiple cultural groups under a single government.

What is a multistate nation?

A cultural group spread across multiple political units.

What is a stateless nation?

A cultural group lacking an independent political unit of its own.

What is an autonomous region?

An area with a high degree of self-governance, separate from the central authority.

What is a semi-autonomous region?

An area with limited self-governance, still under the overarching authority of a central government.

What is colonialism?

The practice of acquiring control over another area and settling it with people from the controlling country.

What is imperialism?

The policy of extending a country's power through diplomacy or military force without significant settlement.

How did colonialism change the world?

It spread languages, introduced new goods and ideas, increased populations through agriculture, and led to exploitation and conflict.

Why does Africa have fewer nation-states?

Colonial borders were drawn without regard to cultural divisions, leading to mixed groups within single political units.

What problems arose from the Berlin Conference?

It combined diverse cultural groups into single political units, neglected infrastructure development, and increased internal conflicts.

What is a sphere of influence?

An area where an external power has significant cultural, economic, or political influence without direct control.

What is decolonization?

The process by which colonies gain independence from colonial powers.

What is devolution?

The transfer of power from a central government to regional or local authorities.

What is territoriality?

The connection of people, culture, and economic systems to a specific area, often leading to the assertion of control over it.

What is neocolonialism?

The indirect control of developing countries by developed countries through economic and cultural pressures.

Why do multinational corporations or wealthy states engage in neocolonialism?

To access cheap labor and exert economic or political influence without direct governance.

How is China involved in Africa?

By investing in infrastructure and gaining political support and resources without direct political control.

What is a shatterbelt?

A region caught between stronger external forces, leading to instability and conflict.

What issues are common in shatterbelts?

External influence, risk of war, internal conflict, uncertainty, and economic struggles.

What is a demilitarized zone (DMZ)?

An area where military forces are not permitted, often established between hostile parties.

What is a chokepoint?

A narrow passage, such as a strait or canal, that is strategically important for trade and military purposes.

What does defining a boundary entail?

Agreeing on the exact location of a political boundary through legal documentation.

What does delimiting a boundary involve?

Drawing the boundary on a map to represent the agreed-upon division.

What does demarcating a boundary mean?

Physically marking the boundary on the landscape with signs, walls, or fences.

What is a geometric boundary?

A straight-line boundary that does not follow physical or cultural features.

What is an antecedent boundary?

A boundary established before significant settlement in the area.

What is a relic boundary?

A former boundary that no longer functions but can still be observed in the landscape.

What is a superimposed boundary?

A boundary imposed by external powers without regard to existing cultural patterns.

What is a subsequent boundary?

A boundary established after settlement, often reflecting cultural differences.

What is a consequent boundary?

A type of subsequent boundary drawn to accommodate existing cultural divisions.

What is a frontier?

A zone where no state exercises complete political control, often sparsely populated.

What are international boundaries?

Borders that separate sovereign states from one another.

What are internal boundaries?

Divisions within a state, such as those between provinces or districts.

What is a definitional boundary dispute?

A disagreement over the legal language of a boundary agreement.

What is a locational boundary dispute?

A conflict over the actual placement of a boundary on the ground.

What is an operational boundary dispute?

A disagreement over how a boundary should function or be managed.

What is an allocational boundary dispute?

A conflict over resources located near or on a boundary.

What is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)?

An international agreement that defines nations' rights and responsibilities concerning the use of the world's oceans.

What is a baseline in maritime boundaries?

The low-water line along the coast from which maritime zones are measured.

What is a territorial sea?

An area extending up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline where a state has sovereignty.

What is a contiguous zone?

An area extending up to 24 nautical miles from the baseline where a state can enforce laws related to customs, immigration, and pollution.

What is an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)?

An area extending up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline where a state has rights to explore and exploit marine resources.

What are international waters?

Areas beyond 200 nautical miles from any state's baseline, not under any state's jurisdiction.

What is the South China Sea conflict about?

Disputes over territorial claims and maritime rights among several countries, with China asserting extensive claims based on historical grounds.

What are internal boundaries?

Divisions within a country for administrative, political, or electoral purposes.

What is a voting district?

A geographic area represented by a specific elected official.

What is redistricting?

The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries to reflect population changes.

What is gerrymandering?

The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor a particular political party or group.

What is cracking in gerrymandering?

Dividing a group of voters across multiple districts to dilute their voting power.

What is packing in gerrymandering?

Concentrating a group of voters into a single district to reduce their influence in other districts.

What are the impacts of gerrymandering?

It can lead to unfair representation, reduced electoral competition, and weakened democratic processes.

What is a unitary state?

A political system where most power is held by the central government, with limited authority given to local units.

What are the positives of a unitary state?

Efficient decision-making and a strong sense of national unity.

What are the negatives of a unitary state?

Potential neglect of local needs and lack of regional autonomy.

What is a federal state?

A political system where power is shared between a central government and regional governments.

What are the positives of a federal state?

Accommodation of regional differences and more responsive local governance.

What are the negatives of a federal state?

Potential for slower decision-making and conflicts between levels of government.

What does it mean when a country has full control over its land and decisions?

It means the government can independently make and enforce laws without outside influence.

What happens when a state breaks into smaller independent regions?

It splits apart, creating new separate political units.

What is it called when a government no longer functions effectively?

It’s when a political system collapses, and leadership loses the ability to govern.

How do social media and the internet affect control by governments?

They allow people to share ideas quickly and challenge authority.

What was the Arab Spring an example of in terms of political power?

Citizens used online platforms to organize protests and push for change.

How does depending on global trade affect a country’s independence?

It can reduce freedom in making national decisions, since other countries’ needs must be considered.

What do organizations like the UN and EU require from member states?

They must follow shared rules, giving up some control in return for support and cooperation.

What is the trade-off when a country joins a group like NATO or ASEAN?

It loses some independence but gains protection, economic ties, or political influence.

What kind of force brings people in a country closer together?

One that creates unity through common values, leadership, or culture.

What kind of force causes division among people in a country?

One that leads to conflict due to differences in culture, economy, or governance.

What happens politically when citizens share beliefs and trust their leaders?

It strengthens unity and loyalty to the government.

What happens politically when people experience corruption or unfair treatment?

It creates distrust and division in society.

How does a strong economy help a country stay united?

It provides jobs and stability, giving people reasons to support the system.

What economic issue can divide a population?

Unequal access to resources or widespread poverty.

How can shared traditions or language affect national unity?

They create a sense of belonging and common identity.

What cultural issues often cause people to feel separate from each other?

Differences in religion or ethnicity.

Why does having a small, connected area help unify a country?

It makes communication and travel easier, encouraging cooperation.

How does physical separation weaken unity in a country?

It makes it harder to connect, leading to isolation or neglect.

What do you call a group wanting self-rule based on their shared identity?

They seek political independence because of their cultural background.

How can identity-based movements unite a country?

If the group represents most of the population, it can strengthen national pride.

How can identity-based movements divide a country?

If the group is a minority, it can create tension with the majority or government.

What kind of issue unites or divides a small area, like a region?

Local differences such as sports or culture can build pride or fuel conflict.

What kind of issue affects the whole country, either positively or negatively?

National pride brings people together, while disagreement over laws splits them