disruptive selection
2 extremes are favoured over middle values
stabalizing selection
middle values are favoured over extremes
directional selection
one extreme favored over all other values
gene flow
Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
genetic drift
chance events can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next
bottleneck effect
A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population, leads to lack of genetic diversity
founder effect
change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
sexual selection
1 sex chooses the desirable traits of the other leading to an increase of individuals with the desired qualities to mate
artifical selection
human intervention in the form of selective breeding
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
antibiotic resistance
Resistance evolving rapidly in many species of prokaryotes due to overuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture.
how to prevent antibiotic resistance
always take full antibiotic prescription, educate public about antibiotics, advance technology w/ phage therapy, use less in ag
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
5 criteria for hardy-weinberg theory
no gene flow, no natural selection, no sexual selection, large population, no mutations
Evidence of Evolution
Fossil Record
embryology
homologous and analogous structures
molecular biology
Cladograms
a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.
fossil record
shows how species have changed physiologically over time in relation to one another
embryology
common fetuses in early development
molecular biology
shows how dna/amino acid sequences have changed over time in accordance w enviroment
darwins theory of natural selection
Process of evolution through differential survival and reproduction
Variation exists within populations
Some variations are heritable
Organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
Over time, favorable traits become more common in a population