Spinal Anatomy Palmer: Exam 1

What are the two parts of the cranium?

-neurocranium

-viscerocranium

What does the neurocranium consist of?

-cranial bones

-meninges

-proximal CNs

-vasculature of brain

What is the function of the neurocranium?

encloses and protects the brain

What is the roof of the neurocranium?

calvaria

What is the floor of the neurocranium?

cranial base

What does the viscerocranium consist of?

facial bones

What does the viscerocranium surround?

-mouth

-nose

-orbits

What is the viscerocranium the origin for?

muscles of facial expression and eye position

What does the sagittal suture connect?

parietal bones

What does the coronal suture connect?

frontal and parietal bones

What does the squamosal suture connect?

temporal and parietal bones

What does the lamboidal suture connect?

parietal and occipital bones

Where do sutures connect?

craniometric points

What are sutural bones?

small, extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones

Asterion is a junction between which bones?

-parietal

-temporal

-occipital

Pterion is a junction between which bones?

-parietal

-temporal

-sphenoid

-frontal

nasion is a junction between which bones?

-frontal

-nasal

What is the inion?

tip of external occipital protuberance

What is the bregma?

intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures

What is the lambda?

intersection of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures

What is the vertex?

the most superior point of skull along sagittal suture

What is the anterior margin of the foramen magnum?

basion

What is the posterior margin of the foramen magnum?

opisthion

How many cranial bones are there?

8

What does the frontal bone help with?

-formation of the anterior cranial fossa

-orbit of eye

-bridge of nose

What is the glabella of the frontal bone?

depression between the superciliary arches

What are the parietal bones?

sides and roof of cranium

Where are the superior and inferior temporal lines located?

parietal bones

Where is the groove for the middle meningeal artery located?

parietal bones

What type of hematoma is arterial?

epidural hematoma

What type of hematoma is venous?

subdural hematoma

What type of hematoma is more fatal and why?

subdural hematoma because it has a slower progression

Where are the superior and inferior nuchal lines located?

occipital bone

Where is the basilar part of the occipital bone?

lies anterior to the foramen magnum and articulates with the sphenoid bone

What is the clivus?

a shallow depression that begins on the back of the Dorsum Sellae of the sphenoid bone and extends to the basilar part of the occipital bone

What are the temporal bones?

sides and base of skull

What forms the zygomatic arch with the temporal process of zygomatic bone?

zygomatic process

Where is the hypophyseal fossa located?

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

What does the greater wing of the sphenoid bone contribute to?

eye orbit

What do the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone do?

terminate in anterior clinoid processes (at sella turcica) and anchor dura mater

What is the main bone of the nose?

ethmoid bone

What makes up the boney nasal septum?

-perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

-vomer

Where is the ethmoid bone located?

anterior to sphenoid bone

What is the inferior projection forming the superior nasal septum?

perpendicular plate

What is the crista galli?

vertical projection of the ethmoid bone that is also the dura mater attachment

What is the cribifrom plate of the ethmoid bone?

olfactory nerve passage

What are the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone?

thin walled bony regions that form 2 turbinates

What concha are part of the ethmoid?

-superior nasal conchae

middle nasal conchae

What do the zygomatic (malar) bones form?

lateral and inferior orbit of eye

What do the lacrimal bones form?

part of medial wall of each orbit

What do the nasal bones form?

-bridge of nose

-piriform aperture

What do the palatine bones form?

-posterior portion of hard palate

-part of eye orbit

What makes up the hard palate?

-maxilla

-palatine bones

What makes up the soft palate?

muscular uvula

What does the vomer form?

-posterior nasal septum

-inferior nasal septum

Where does the inferior nasal concha come from?

facial maxillae

-protrudes medially from lateral walls of nasal cavity

All facial bones join maxillae EXCEPT?

mandible

Where are maxillae fused?

intermaxillary suture

What are the alveolar processes of the maxillae?

teeth sockets for maxillary teeth

What is the only freely moveable bone of the skull?

mandible

Where does CN I exit?

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

Where does CN II exit?

optic canal

Where do CN III, CN IV, CN V first branch, and CN VI exit?

superior orbital fissure

Where does CN V second branch exit?

foramen rotundum

Where does CN V third branch (and lesser petrosal nerve) exit?

foramen ovale

Where does CN VII (greater petrosal nerve) exit?

foramen lacerum

Where does CN VIII and the motor part of CN VII exit?

internal acoustic/ auditory meatus

Where do CN IX, CN X, and CN XI (also start of internal jugular vein) exit?

jugular foramen

Where does the motor part of CN VII also exit?

stylomastoid foramen

Where does CN XII exit?

hypoglossal canal

Where do the greater and lesser palatine nerves exit (branches of V3)?

greater and lesser palatine foramina

What exits through the carotid canal?

internal carotid artery

What exits through the foramen spinosum?

middle meningeal artery

What is the fancy term for brain freeze?

sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia

What is brain freeze associated with?

greater and lesser palatine nerves = branches of V2

What is the nervus intermedius?

the sensory and parasympathetic root of CN VII

How many divisions of the trigeminal nerve are there?

3

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

1. Ophthalmic

2. Maxillary

3. Mandibular

What branch of the trigeminal nerve is sensory?

ophthalmic (1) & maxillary (2)

What branch of the trigeminal nerve is sensory and motor?

What cranial nerve supplies cutaneous innervation to the face?

CN V

What cranial nerve supplies motor innervation for muscles of facial expression?

CN VII

Is CN VII sensory or motor?

both; sensory and motor

Where do all fibers of the facial nerve leave from?

pons

Where does the facial nerve run through to branch?

parotid gland

What are the motor branches of the facial nerve?

-temporal

-zygomatic

-buccal

-marginal mandibular

-cervical

Does CN VII innervate the parotid gland?

NO, it only runs through it before branching

The layers of the scalp can be differentiated using the word?

SCALP

What does the S in SCALP stand for?

skin= hair follicles and glands

What does the C in SCALP stand for?

connective tissue= dense subcutaneous

What does the A in SCALP stand for?

aponeurosis= musculoaponeurotic layer

What does an aponeurosis connect?

muscle to muscle

What does the L in SCALP stand for?

loose connective tissue

What does the P in SCALP stand for?

pericranium

Which layer of the scalp has all of the blood vessels and nerves making it a major issue if cut?

dense subcutaneous connective tissue layer (C)

Which layer of the scalp contains the galea aponeurotica?

musculoaponeurotic layer (A)

What does the galea aponeurotica unite?

frontalis and occipitalis muscles

What layer of the scalp form the subaponeurotic space?

loose connective tissue layer (L)

What is important about the subaponeurotic space?

infection can spread rapidly here via emissary vein to intracranial sinuses

What layer of the scalp contains the periosteum of skull bones and is loosely attached except near sutures?

pericranium (P)