AP II midterm (anatomy)

During which portion of cardiac cycle was it possible to induce an extra-systole?

ventricular diastole

Why can’t cardiac muscle go into tetany?

due to plateau phase (long refractory period to rest)

What happens to heart rate with continued vagus nerve stimulation?

heart rate slows and eventually stops

Vagal escape

when the heart beats again after strong vagal stimulation

• AV node/ Purkinje fibers take over

How does the heart overcome excessive vagal stimulation?

vagal escape

Ringer’s solution

An electrolyte-containing fluid that mimics the ionic environment needed by cells, especially for physiological experiments

Cold Ringer’s solution (5*) can cause:

Decrease in HR

• slower electrical conductivity

• decrease metalobic rate

Warm Ring’s solution (32*) can cause:

Increase in HR

• faster electrical conductivity

• enhance metabolic rate

For frog heart, temperature and HR changes are:

directly proportional

Pilocarpine is:

a negative chronotrope

→ decrease HR

Digitalis is:

negative chronotrope + positive inotrope

• decrease HR, increase contraction force

Digitalis can be used in:

treatment of patients with heart failures

• promote venous return

• increase contractility

‘Lub’ heart sound is caused by:

mitral and tricuspid valve closure

→ systole

‘Dub’ heart sound is caused by:

pulmonary and aortic valves closure

→ diastole

Start of Korotkoff sound means:

systolic pressure

Korotkoff sound disappears means:

diastolic pressure

Epinephrine’s effect on heart

increase HR

What division of autonomic nervous system releases Epinephrine?

sympathetic nervous system

Cholinergic drug

drug that uses ACh → slows HR , AV conduction

Adrenergic drug

drug that uses (nor)adrenaline → increase HR , contraction force

Agonist

activates something

Antagonist

blocks something

Atropine

positive chronotrope + cholinergic drug

• increase HR

3 branches of aortic arch

• brachiocephalic trunk

• left common carotid artery

• left subclavian artery

Subclavian artery

Brachiocephalic trunk

Brachiocephalic trunk’s function:

take blood to the right side of head, neck, upper limb

Right common carotid artery

Left common carotid artery

subclavian artery (R/L)

Internal carotid artery (R/L)

External carotid artery (R/L)

Brachiocephalic vein (R/L)

subclavian vein (R/L)

Internal jugular vein (R/L)

External jugular vein (R/L)

Pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary veins (R/L)

Pulmonary arteries (R/L)

Ascending aorta

Aortic arch

Descending aorta

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Tricuspid valve (right)

Bicuspid valve (left)

aortic valve

pulmonary valve

Pectinate muscles

Pectinate muscles’ location

in atrial walls

Trabeculae carneae

Trabeculae carneae’s location

in ventricular walls

Papillary muscles

Chordae tendineae

Chordae tendineae’s location

attached to AV vavles

Interventricular septum

Fossa ovalis

Fossa ovalis is a remnant of:

Foramen ovale

Abdominal aorta

Celiac trunk

Celiac trunk’s 3 branches:

• splenic artery

• left gastric artery

• common hepatic artery

Left gastric artery

Hepatic portal vein

Splenic artery

Left gastric artery

Common hepatic artery

Hepatic artery proper

Superior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

Renal artery (R/L)

Gonadal artery (R/L)

Common iliac artery (L/R)

External iliac artery (L/R)

Internal iliac artery (L/R)

Femoral artery (L/R)

Popliteal artery (L/R)

Popliteal artery’s subdivisions:

• anterior, posterior tibial artery

• fibular artery

Anterior tibial artery

Posterior tibial artery

Fibular artery

Splenic vein

Gastric vein (L/R)

Renal vein (R/L)

Right gonadal vein

Where does Right gonadal vein drain into?

into Inferior vena cava

Left gastric vein

Where does Left gastric vein drain into?

into Left renal vein

Common iliac vein (R/L)

Hepatic portal system (veins) contains:

• hepatic portal vein

• splenic vein

• inferior mesenteric vein

• superior mesenteric vein

Hepatic portal vein

splenic vein (left)

Inferior mesenteric vein (left)

Superior mesenteric vein

Axillary artery

Axillary vein