Geology 8 Final(oceanorgraphy) - sac state

What are tides?

Daily rising and lowering of sea level caused by gravity

What is the tidal range?

Difference in tide height between low and high tide (tidal range = high tide height - low tide height)

What do tides control?

How high up sea level occurs at a coastal area (high = storm waves come further up the beach)

Features found at DEPOSITIONAL SHORELINES

baymouth bar, spit, tombolo, barrier island

Baymouth bay

a ridge of sand that completely cuts off a bay

Spit

a ridge of sand that connects to the mainland and hooks into a bay

Tombolo

a ridge of sand that connects the mainland to a sea stack or island

Barrier island

a long offshore deposit of sand that parallels the coast

Shoreline

the line where the ocean meets the land - not permanent, shifts with the tide

Beach

an accumulation of sediment along the margins of the ocean, doesn’t stay in one place and waves are constantly moving

Longshore current

movement of water parallel to the shoreline caused by wave refraction, currents are within the surf zone, sand is moved by the current but it is in the surf zone

Longshore transport

movement of sand in a zig zag pattern caused by breaking waves on the beach, net movement is down coast, parallel to the longshore current, movement of sand is on the beach

Three types of tidal patterns

diurnal, semidurnal, and mixed

What is a tidal pattern?

describes the number of high and low tides per day that occur at a given location

Diurnal tidal pattern

one high and low tide each tidal day

Semidurnal tidal pattern

two high and two low tides of approximately equal heights during each tidal day

Mixed tidal pattern

two high and two low tides of unequal heights during each tidal day

how much does cement production account for in the world's annual CO2 emissions?

8%

What controversial technology that would brighten the entire planet is Frank Keutsch researching?

Solar geoengineering

The effect would be immediate. How do we know?

Because every time a big volcano goes off and it injects aerosols into the stratosphere, the planet cools down

Cooling the planet means, first, stopping more _ from entering the atmosphere. Then finding ways to_

CO2; removing it

There’s no way around

jet fuel

We need to be producing fuel, that when you burn that fuel, it doesn’t emit carbon dioxide. Aldo Steinfeld thinks he’s found a way. What are the two ingredients needed to produce liquid hydrocarbon fuels?

Sunlight and ambient

Concentrated solar energy drives a reaction that generates a synthetic gas, which can then be converted into fuels. What is the name of this fuel?

Solar methone

When it’s burned, the carbon in this fuel returns to the atmosphere. But, since it was harvested there, the net CO2 is zero. What is this called?

Carbon neutral

If successful, annual net emissions would drop by as much as

1 billion tons

Apoorv Sinha is the CEO of Carbon Upcycling Technologies. To win this competition, he is focusing on

cement

Sandra Snaebjornsdottir’s team has found a way to speed up that process. How long does it take to turn 1/3 of the CO2 from the power plant into solid rock

less than two years

There’s not a lot of CO2 in the atmosphere compared to nitgeron and _hydrogen. If you have a box with 10,000 ping pong ball in it, how many would be carbon dioxide?

The four painted black

What does the new piece of tech, a dropsonde, collect?

Temperature, relative humidity, pressure

In the Gulf of mexico, the eruption of methane release a super salty liquid called

brine

___ than sea water, it accumulates in great pools on the sea floor

5 times

Down here, it snows(ocean floor) continuous clouds of ___ drift slowly down from above, this is called

organic debris; marine snow

If it forms a layer of mud (ooze) up to a ___ thick

a mile

Over time organic matter slowly decays producing

methane

____ can withstand pressure equivalent to 50 jumbo jets stacked on top of one another

c peak/starfish

Where is the deepest area of the ocean? Which ocean is it found in?

The Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean

an ocean basin

a low-lying area where ocean water collects.

What is the difference between continents and ocean basins?

Because basalt is so dense, it's very heavy for its size, it sinks down. Where the continents are made of granite, very light, they rise upwards. The natural density difference between basalt and continental crust creates these low-lying areas where ocean water can collect.

Two compositions of lithogenous

quartz and clay

Where do you expect to find abyssal clays?

The abyssal Plane.

What is an ocean basin?

It is a low lying area where water collects. It is not a featureless or flat area

What is the geology of the ocean floor based on?

bathymetry

bathymetry definition

measures ocean depths to chart the shape of the ocean floor

What are the three distinct areas of the ocean floor?

Continental Margins, oceanic ridges, deep ocean basin

Which area of the ocean floor is the shallowest?

Continental Margins

What area is shallow but in the open ocean?

Oceanic Ridges

What area is the deepest of the ocean floor?

Deep-ocean Basin

What are the two types of continental margins?

Passive and active

What characterizes a passive continental margin?

large deposits of sediment

What are the features of passive continental margin?

Continental Shelf

What is a continental shelf characterized by?

Thick deposits of sediment

The shelf break is an abrupt change between the continental shelf and slope. But, it is a boundary. What does this boundary mark?

The boundary between coastal ocean waters and open ocean waters

What characterizes a continental slope?

Submarine canyons carved by turbidity currents

What characterizes the continental rise?

Deep sea fan deposits

What characterizes an active continental margin?

Deep ocean trenches

What volcano is conical in shape?

seamounts

What volcano is flat topped?

Guyots

What volcanic peaks rise above sea level?

volcanic islands

What volcanic island is associated with intraplate volcanism?

Hawaii

What characterizes the mid-ocean ridge?

Elevated seafloor that is entirely volcanic made up of basalet

What are the features of a mid-ocean ridge?

ocean ridge, rift valley, hydrothermal vents

Hydrothermal vents

underwater hot springs

What are the two volcanic peaks that are below sea level?

Guyots, Seamounts

What are the features of a deep ocean basin?

Abyssal plain

Abyssal plain

a very flat area of ocean floor characterized by very little relief

Volcanic peaks

seamounts, guyots, volcanic islands

What do krill eat?

phytoplankton

What do the creatures of Antarctica depend on?

krill

What planet do we know more about than our deepest seas?

mars

[blank]% of marine snow that filter feeders miss eventually settles on the seafloor.

1%

Nor is such great abundance confined to Antarctic waters. [blank] carry this richness into the depths of almost

every ocean

It’s an empty plain that covers [blank] the surface of the planet.

three quarters

[blank] of the world’s volcanic activity occurs in the deep ocean.

over three quarters

How tall is Godzilla?

30 meters

Minerals condensing from these jets build up great chimneys called [blank].

hydrothermal vents

The communities found at hydrothermal vent communities depend entirely on [blank] for food.

bacteria

How much does the sea ice extent change from summer to winter?

From 4 million square kilometers in the summer to 20 million square kilometers

While traveling east, scientists deploy a rectangular mid-water trawl. What is the goal of this net?

To gather data on how many krill are to be found in the waters in winter

What is the base of the food chain in Antarctica, like elsewhere?

phytoplankton

Cooling the planet means first stopping more ___ from entering the atmosphere. Then finding ways to ____.

CO2; remove it

An important fact about climate change is that the carbon dioxide that we emit into the atmosphere stays there for ____ of years

thousands

What type of storm was Katrina 6 days before landfall in New Orleans?

tropical depression

basalt is a porous rock that readily bonds with CO2 over

centuries

The system of protection that they were working on was a system that would withstand a [blank] Category 3 hurricane

fast moving

The hurricane is steered by zones of [blank] surrounding it. These constantly shifting weather systems make hurricane track forecasting incredibly complex.

high and low atmospheric pressure

Water vapor rises from the ocean then cools forming clouds and releasing [blank] energy which fuels the storm.

heat

Global warming has been invoked to explain both the rise in ocean surface temperatures and [blank].

more intense hurricanes

What percentage of water on Earth’s surface is in the oceans?

97.5%

What percentage of Earth's surface is covered by oceans?

71%

Is there more land than water in the northern or southern hemisphere?

Northern

Is there more water than land in the northern or southern hemisphere?

Southern

What are the 4 broad categories of oceanography?

geological, biological, physical, and chemical

The oceans are ___ then the continents are tall

much deeper

What are the distinct areas of the ocean floor based on

Bathymetry—>water depth

70% of the oxygen you just breathed in came from

photosynthetic algae

What are the two types of marine sediments?

lithogenous and biogenous sediment

Where are lithogeneous sediments derived from?

the land

Where are biogeneous sediments derived from?

organisms

Because Hurricanes rotate counter clockwise

it generates stronger winds and more pressure on its eastern flank