MLAB 173 - UNIT 1: Transfusion med
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66 Terms
Q: What are antigens?
A: Markers located on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) that determine blood type.
Q: What are antibodies?
A: Immune proteins found in plasma that react against specific antigens.
Q: Where are antigens located?
A: On the surface of red blood cells.
Q: Where are antibodies located?
A: In plasma.
Q: What determines a person's blood type?
A: The antigens present on their RBCs.
Q: What tube is used for transfusion blood typing?
A: EDTA (purple/lavender top).
Q: What antigen determines Rh status?
A: The D antigen.
Q: What does Rh positive mean?
A: The D antigen is present on RBCs.
Q: What does Rh negative mean?
A: The D antigen is absent from RBCs.
Q: Do Rh negative people naturally have Anti~D antibodies?
A: No.
Q: When do Rh negative people develop Anti~D antibodies? 1
A: After exposure to Rh positive blood. 1
Q: What is the Rh factor rule? make
A: Rh negative people only make Anti D after exposure.
Q: What antigens are present on Type A RBCs?
A: A antigens.
Q: What antibodies are present in Type A plasma?
A: Anti~B antibodies.
Q: What antigens are present on Type B RBCs?
A: B antigens.
Q: What antibodies are present in Type B plasma?
A: Anti~A antibodies.
Q: What antigens are present on Type AB RBCs?
A: A and B antigens.
Q: What antibodies are present in Type AB plasma?
A: None.
Q: What antigens are present on Type O RBCs?
A: No A or B antigens.
Q: What antibodies are present in Type O plasma?
A: Anti~A and Anti~B antibodies.
Q: What is the ABO antibody rule?
A: You have antibodies against the antigens you do not have.
Q: Why does Type A blood have Anti~B antibodies?
A: Because it does not have B antigens.
Q: Why does Type O blood have Anti~A and Anti B antibodies?
Because it doesn’t have A and B antigens
Q: What is the universal RBC donor?
A: O negative (O~).
Q: Why is O negative the universal RBC donor?
A: It has no A, B, or Rh(D) antigens.
Q: What blood type is used for emergency RBC transfusions? 1
A: O negative. 1
Q: Why is emergency O negative blood considered safe? 1
A: It has no major RBC antigens to trigger reactions. 1
Q: What is the universal RBC recipient?
A: AB positive (AB+).
Q: Why can AB positive receive all RBC types? they
A: They do not have Anti A or B or D
Q: What is agglutination?
A: Clumping of RBCs caused by antibodies reacting with matching antigens.
Q: What causes agglutination?
A: Antibodies binding to matching RBC antigens.
Q: What does positive agglutination mean?
A: A reaction occurred between antibodies and matching antigens.
Q: How much blood is collected during one donation?
A: 450~500 mL.
Q: How long can donated blood be stored?
A: 42 days.
Q: What happens on day 43 of blood storage?
A: The blood product is expired.
Q: What preservative is used in donor blood bags?
A: Citrate Phosphate Dextrose (CPD).
Q: What blood product treats anemia?
A: Packed RBCs.
Q: What is the purpose of packed RBCs?
A: Replace red blood cells and improve oxygen~carrying capacity.
Q: What blood product treats coagulation problems?
A: Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP).
Q: What does FFP provide?
A: Clotting factors.
Q: What is FFP associated with? Power
A: Clotting power.
Q: What blood product is used for hemophilia?
A: Clotting factor concentrate.
Q: What blood product is used for massive blood loss?
A: Whole blood.
Q: What is autologous blood donation?
A: A patient donates blood for themselves.
Q: When is autologous donation performed?
A: Before planned surgery.
Q: What is the advantage of autologous donation?
A: Zero risk of incompatibility with their own blood.
Q: How are platelets stored?
A: At room temperature.
Q: What must happen continuously during platelet storage?
A: Continuous agitation.
Q: Why must platelets be continuously agitated?
A: To prevent clumping and maintain function.
Q: What happens if platelets are not agitated?
A: They clump and become unusable.
Q: What causes Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
A: Maternal antibodies destroying fetal RBCs.
Q: What mother/baby combination causes HDN risk?
A: Rh~negative mother with Rh~positive baby.
Q: What happens during the first Rh~positive pregnancy?
A: The mother becomes sensitized but the baby is usually safe.
Q: What happens in later Rh~positive pregnancies?
A: Anti~D antibodies can attack fetal RBCs.
Q: What is the HDN memory rule?
A: First pregnancy = sensitization; later pregnancies = risk.
Q: How do Anti~D antibodies affect the fetus?
A: They cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells.
Q: What happens to fetal RBCs during HDN?
A: They are destroyed.
Q: What are complications of HDN?
A: Fetal anemia, elevated bilirubin, and jaundice.
Q: What causes jaundice in HDN?
A: Increased bilirubin from RBC destruction.
Q: What is RhoGAM?
A: A medication that prevents Anti~D antibody formation.
Q: Who receives RhoGAM?
A: Rh~negative mothers.
Q: What is the goal of RhoGAM?
A: Prevent sensitization to Rh~positive blood.
Q: How does RhoGAM protect future pregnancies?
A: It prevents formation of Anti~D antibodies.
Q: What are the two most common blood types?
A: O positive (O+) and A positive (A+).
Q: What is the most important ABO exam rule?
A: Antigens are on RBCs; antibodies are in plasma.
Q: What is the most important Rh exam rule?
A: Rh-negative people develop Anti-D only after exposure.