HHD Unit 1 Flashcards VCE Year 11

health and wellbeing

Health and wellbeing are the physical, mental, and social state of a person or community.

list the dimensions of health and wellbeing

pyshcial, emotional, social, emotional and spitirual dimensions

social health and wellbeing

the ability to from meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations

physical health and wellbeing

physical health and wellbeing relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, and it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activites or tasks 

mental health and wellbeing

Mental health is the current state of wellbeing relating of the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information

emotional health and wellbeing

emotional health relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive, secure, and relaxed way, as well as being able to recognise others emotions

spiritual health and wellbeing

relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings it includes the concepts of hope and peace

what is peace?

Peace is a state of tranquility and harmony, It can also refer to a lack of violence, fear, persecution, and disturbance

what is shelter?

a structure that provides protection from the outside environment, therefore, adequate shelter is a basic human right

what is education?

education empowers individuals, it allows them to grow, learn and prosper and increases their ability to earn higher incomes

what is a stable ecosystem?

the ability of a system to continue functioning under changing conditions or during disturbances

what is income?

A social determinant of health and wellbeing, income increases an individuals ability to afford resources such as healthcare, recreation, transport and education

what is sustainable resources?

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the future they include: green energy, ecosystems etc.

what is social justice

equal rights for all regardless of a persons: social class, income, ethnicity, religion, or age

what is equity

ensuring everyone has a fair chance to achieve their full health potential, regardless of social, economic, or environmental factors,

what is food security?

food security is the state in which all people obtain nutritionally adequate and safe food

how does income improve one’s health?

it creates greater access to things like healthcare, nutritious food, safe housing, and education, which all contribute to better overall health and well-being

how does adequate and healthy food improve one’s health?

It provides essential nutrients to support bodily functions, maintain a healthy weight, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes.

how does education improve one’s health

Education can lead to health beliefs and knowledge, and thus to better lifestyle choices, but also to improve your skills and self-advocacy.

how does peace improve one’s health?

Peace can significantly improve one's health by reducing stress and anxiety, allowing for better mental well-being, and promoting social cohesion

life expectancy: at birth

an indication of how long a person can expect to live/the number of years (death rates do not change)

How do Aborignial and Torres Strait Island people effected by the life expectancy at birth?

Generally, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people living especially in the northen territory lack access to westernised medicine

life expactancy: health adjusted life expectancy (HALE):

a measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health.

mortality:

death in an indivdual or the number of deaths in a population or group

mortality: maternal mortality

the number of deaths per 100000 women who gave birth to at least 1 baby

mortality: under 5 mortality

the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age, usually expressed per 1000 live births

mortality: infant mortality

the number of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births

morbidity

refers to ill-health in an individual and the number of ill health people in a population or group

morbidity (incidence)

the number of new cases of a condition in a population during a given period of time (eg. total of new COVID cases)

morbidity (prevalence)

the number of a proportion of cases of a particular disease or coniditon in a population at a given time (eg. total of COVID cases)

burden of disease

the impact of diseases and injuries on a population, considering factors like mortality, morbidity, and quality of life.

DALY (disability adjusted life year)

a measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death or the time lived with a condition

YYL (years of life lost)

represents the years of potential life lost due to premature death. It's calculated by: number of deaths x the standard life expectancy

YLD (years lost due to disability)

represents the number of healthy years lost because of illness or disability. It's calculated by: disorder's prevalence x the disorder’s average duration in years

how does shelter improve one’s health

Shelter improves one's health by providing a safe, stable environment that allows for proper rest, hygiene, and protection from the harmful environments

how do sustainable resources improve one’s health

by reducing exposure to environmental pollutants like air and water contamination, and promoting access to clean food and water

What is a positive health impact?

a beneficial change/improvement in someone's physical, mental, or social health and well-being, often resulting from healthy lifestyle choices

what is a negative health impact

refers to any detrimental effect on a person's physical, social or mental health and well-being, such as developing a disease, experiencing pain etc.

how does social justice improve one’s health?

by creating a fairer society where everyone has equal access to quality healthcare, education, housing, and employment

biolological factors affecting ones health

factors relating to the body that impact on health such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure, cholestrol levels and birth weight

enviornmental factors affecting ones health

factors related to your surroundings that have an impact on health, such as air and water quality, exposure to toxins, sanitation, climate and housing conditions

water supply

Drinking water must be safe to prevent disease and ill health, as it can be contaminated by various sources.

directing houses

Overcrowding, poor housing, and inadequate utilities like washing, sewage, and safe water directly affect physical and mental health.

indirect housing

environmental and social factors like location, access to services, and community functioning that affect overall well-being.

what are the 3 main factor groups that contribute to a person’s health status?

genetics, lifestyle, and environment. Genetics influence predispositions, lifestyle affects habits, and environment impacts exposure to health risks

explain how a persons genetics can have a role in the outcome of an individual’s health status

Genetics influence disease susceptibility and how the body processes drugs

explain how a persons body weight can have a role in the outcome of an incidvidual’s health status

Body weight affects health by influencing the risk of chronic diseases and nutritional deficiencies.

explain how a persons “cultural influences” can have an impact in the outcome of an individual’s health status

Cultural influences shape behaviors, dietary habits, and attitudes towards healthcare, determining disease prevalence

explain how a persons “access to health care” can have an impact in the outcome of an individual’s health status

Access to healthcare determines availability of preventive care and treatment. Limited access can lead to delayed care

explain how a persons “housing situation” can have an impact in the outcome of an individual’s health status

A person's housing situation may impact a persons health due to exposure to hazards like mold, pests, or poor air quality

explain how a persons “working enviornment” can have an impact in the outcome of an individual’s health status

A person's working environment can impact health by exposing them to hazards, stress, and ergonomic issues.

explain how a persons physical environment can have an impact in the outcome of an individual’s health status

A person's physical environment can impact their health by exposing them to pollutants, allergens, and hazardous conditions.

work environment (physical factors)

Poor workplace layout or overcrowding can lead to accidents such as tripping or striking against objects.

work environment (social factors)

Here the relationship between the employer, employee and the customer is considered

work environment (enviornmental factors)

Environmental factors such as temperature, lightning, and ventilation can have a direct impact at health

Socio – cultural factors affecting ones health

Conditions which people are born, grow up, live, work and age within

family

family greatly influences health by shaping culture, religion, friendships, and media exposure.

peers

Your peers influence you by creating environments in which you seek to fit into, by adapting to their behaviours

Employment increases health status

Employment has social, psychological, and financial benefits that improve health

Financial benefits of employment

Employment increases household income and decreases economic hardship

Psychological benefits of employment

there are many psychological beneifits of empolyment including self-esteem, self-worth, purpose and identity

traditional medicine:

tradition Chinese medicine for example uses herbs, and acupuncture as their main medicinal treatments

modern medicine:

many western countries such as Australia and America utilise the pharmacological (drug) method

Government and non-government programs

Government organisations include the office for youth and the youth affairs council of Victoria, whereas non-government organisations are community organisations and youth themselves

community values and expectations: examples

-       the community decided that you can sit your learners permit at 16 years old and get your probationary license at 18 years old

costs to health (indirect costs):

secondary costs to the individual, community or families as a result of suffering from a disease or illness

costs to health (intangible costs)

refer to the non-monetary, indirect consequences of illness, such as reduced quality of life, pain, and suffering.

-       Research shows that advantages target youth with products like:

-       Ultra-processed foods

-       Tobacco

-       E-cig

-       Energy drinks

Advocacy and action

-       advocacy is the act of speaking on behalf or in support of another person, thing or place

-       action is to improve health outcome and equity. Equity being addressing the causes of inequality and providing strategies to ensure fairness

Health inequalities:

-       Differences in health status or in the distribution of health risk and protective factors: eg:

higher rates of mental health disorders among youth compared to adults

contributing factors – physical development and the brain

-       During youth, brain development involves pruning nerve cells, enhancing impulse control, learning, and risk assessment

-       Increased dopamine levels heighten boredom and influence learning

Contributing factors – emotional development

-       Peer groups heavily influence young people, which can lead to both positive and negative outcomes

-       Communication through technology like social media and online gaming expand social networks

Contributing factors – sociocultural factors

-       These factors are sociocultural, commercial and environmental

-       Family, peers, education, income and health literacy

-       Social media accelerates exposure to trends and, therefore, risks

Contributing factors – commercial factors

-       Commercial factors relate to the conditions, actions and policies of cooperate organisations that impact health and wellbeing, including packaging and labelling, marketing strategies and the use of media

What is “health action”?

-       Health action relates to replacing health-comprising behaviours or environments with health-enhancing behaviours or environments. The intention is to create better health outcomes

relationships and sexuality

Respectful relationships rely on trust, honesty, and consent, while unhealthy ones involve imbalance and poor communication.

Youth relationships build skills and support but may bring conflicts and distractions.

What is safety, and what are key areas it applies to?

Safety means being protected from harm, risk, danger, or injury. It applies to roads, water, sun exposure, and online environments.

Why are young people at higher risk on the roads?

Due to speeding, fatigue, alcohol, drugs, inexperience, poor hazard perception, nighttime driving, older vehicles, and rural road conditions, which are all more likely to occur to younger drivers

What is gambling and why is it risky?

Gambling involves risking something of value for the chance of winning more. It can harm mental health, relationships, and finances, especially among youth.

Name three factors that influence youth health programs

Cultural needs, stigma/embarrassment, poor health literacy

What are some barriers that stop young people from accessing health services?

Cost, distance, trust/confidentiality issues, and past negative experiences.

What are health inequalities?

Avoidable and unfair differences in health outcomes due to social, economic, and environmental factors.

How can health inequalities be reduced for youth?

By empowering and supporting youth to adopt or maintain health-promoting behaviors.

What is health equity?

When everyone can achieve their full health potential by addressing barriers like income, education, and access to care.

What are the four principles of social justice?

-       Human rights: protecting and promoting everyone’s rights

-       Access: equal opportunities and resources (e.g., food, education, income)

-       Participation: encouraging community involvement and respecting voices

-       Equity: addressing inequality and ensuring fairness

Why is alcohol use of particular concern in the youth stage?

Teen alcohol use is increasingly concerning due to low self-control, peer pressure, celebrity influence, and the normalization of drinking by parents who mistakenly believe it teaches responsibility.

Outline why optimal mental health and wellbeing is important in the transition to adulthood.

Research shows stressed young Australians transitioning to adulthood are more likely to face mental health issues and use substances like drugs, nicotine or alcohol, making well-being vital during this stage.

risk factors

-       a risk factor is something that increases the likelihood of developing disease or injury

they include:family conflict, school, family and social pressure lack of social culture,

protective factors

-       a protective factor is something that decreases the likelihood of developing disease or injury

-       they include: health literacy, education, supportive and caring family

healthcare services and support

-       many healthcare services are required to deliver a high-quality health system that meets the health needs of Australians.

-       These services include:

-       Primary healthcare:

-       Specialist care:

-       Hospital services:

-       Specific resources include:

-       Medicare

-       General practitioners

-       Hospital care