U.S History to 1877 Test 1-Steplyk

Pre-Columian New World

-also means "before columbus"

Who got credit for the Europeans being in the new world?

the vikings

Where did Columbus want to get to?

the indies

Which groups colonized the Americas?

the spanish, french, portuguese, british, russians, and the dutch

The Europeans

-had political stability which helped with exploration
-east europe was mongul empire
-south europe was the mores
-north europe was the vikings
-west europe was the turks

1492

was also the same year Spain kicked the mores out of Spain and was ready to discover the new world

The Requerimiento

-document/declaration
-military approach to conquest
-written in latin meaning you're either with us or against us

Spain

-they had steel weapons, armor, and horses
-they found other tribes go go against the Aztecs and Incas.

France

-religious ceremonies
-interested in resources
-they found a lot of fur which was what their empire was built on
-had the smallest presence in terms of numbers

Portugal and the Netherlands

-navigational charting and exploration

England

-enclosing and cultivating land
-thought if you used the land then it meant it was yours
-know for cutting and pasting England and bringing it to the new world

Who was vulnerable to European diseases?

the indian population

Reason why England had a late start to the new world

-Tudor dynasty (Henry Tudor) was consolidating power at home
-Repelling Spanish attacks during Queen Elizabeth's reign because the Spanish wanted to restore Catholics (armadas)
-The pacification of Ireland, trying to put down Irish rebels

Magna Carta

-1215
-document who's name means "Great Charter"
-King John upset his nobles and was forced to sign the Magna Carter to limit his powers
-"limited government"

What was the Protestant Reformation?

movement in the 1500s to reform the Catholic church and bring European Christianity back to its biblical roots.

Martin Luther

-95 Thesis (arguments) on church doors
-german monk who didn't like unchristian practices such as indulgences
-benefited from the printing press because the Bible was printed

Henry Tudor

-was called the "defender of the faith"-by the pope
-he creates the church of england with no pope and he has 6 wives

Mary "Bloody Mary"

-Henry's daughter
-loyal catholic

Who succeeded the Tudors?

the Stewarts, the king of Scotland became the king of England

The Stewarts

-believed in the "divine right of king"
-they were closet catholics
-their line ended after Charles II and they were replaced by William and Mary

Charles I

-dismissed parliament which led to the English Civil War
-he was forced off the throne
-accused of treason
-he was beheaded

Charles II

-was invited to be king after Charles I
-was exceeded by James I

Jamestown

- the first successful settlement
-in 1607 by John Smith
-they sent a lot of craftsman to Jamestown
-they wanted the Indians to do the hard work

Incentive to work

since there was no incentive to work Smith came up with "he who will not work will not eat"

Conditions of Jamestown

swamps with mosquitoes, plagued with diseases

John Rolfe

-cultivated a profitable amount of tobacco
-became a cash crop
-economically addictive
-was bad on soil

1619

-Virginia settlers created their own legislature "House of Burgessess"
-90 single women came by boat to be purchased
-dutch ship came to sell African slaves

Indentured servants

hired themselves out in order to get freedom into the new world (5-7 years)

Slaves

cost more than indentured servants and were captured and are enslaved for life

Chattle Slavery

said that if mom was a slave then all of her children were slaves as well

Bacon's Rebellion

-revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676
-was tensions between the Virginia settlers, the government, and the indians
-people were upset because of the protection of their safety
-they burned Jamestown to the ground
-the rebellion stopped when Bacon died of disease

Virginia

-Virginia starts as a profit making venture
-they were not worried about spreading gospel

Puritan New England

-more focused on religion (Protestants)
-they thought the church was not Protestant enough
-they wanted consistency with Bible and old biblical practices
-calvinists believed in predestination (God knows who is going to accept/reject him), they didn't like theatre or celebrating Christmas
-they didn't get along with James I
-moved from Holland where they set up a religious colony and then came by Mayflower to Plymouth

Separatist

-left England and moved to Holland
-also known as pilgrims (Plymouth)
-came by Mayflower

Mayflower Compact

-1620
-short document described as the first constitution
-agreement among each other to respect the law with religious entities
-"self-rule"

The First Thanksgiving

-1621
-harvest festival used to give thanks to God
-the indians hunted and brought stuff back for the festival

John Winthrop's Fleet

-1630
-was the second waves of Puritans
-settled in Massachusetts bay colony
-they were not separatist
-he was a governor that gave the sermon "a city on a hill"
-they wanted to be a good model

King Philips's War

- one of the largest wars in the 1670s
-indian leader Philip (Metacomet) as killed by rangers led by Benjamin Church

Rangers

soldiers that ranged around a certain country/state/area

The Salem Witch Trials

-1692
-young girls of a local priest got caught doing witchcraft
-victims were innocents who refused to confess to false accusations
-spectral evidence was not supposed to be admissible under the puritan's laws and there should not have been any trials or convictions

The Growth and Fracturing of New England

-because the puritans don't get along with people they created the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony
-in order to vote you had to be a church member

Rev. Thomas Hooker's Company

- thought you didn't have to be a church member to be able to vote
-believed freeman should be able to vote
-he leaves Massachusetts to go to Connecticut

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

-colonies constitution with a mission to give power back to the people

Roger WIlliams

-separation of church and state
-rhode island becomes the first colony to grant religious freedom

Anne Hutchinson

led bible studies and questioned the clergy

William Penn's Holy Experiment

-a quaker who was a noble son, he had money, he was a soldier, and experienced conversion
-he asks for his own prioperity colony under the Quaker guidelines
-the quakers are very pacifistic and peaceful with the indians
- they sign the Treaty of Penn with Indians in 1772
-Germans and Sweds come to Pennslyvania

Quaker meetings

done in a decentralized style, it was unstructured, and they spoke among themselves, they weren't into titles and nobility

The Province of Maryland

-was a haven for English Catholics
-George Calvert 1st Lord Baltimore
-Protestant majority
-they had religious liberty
-has tobacco and slaves
-Virginia's sister

The Southern Colonies

-province of carolina 1663-1712
-province of north and south 1712-1776
-people came from west indies, carribbean
-they are plantation based, they grow rice, indigo, and sugar cane
-North Carolinans are VIrginia settlers who migrated
-georgia was the buffer colony between the English and the Spaniards
-names are royal in origin

What are the three types of colonies?

the new england colonies, the middle colonies, and the southern colonies

New England Colonies

-Puritans
-soil is rocky
-not agriculturally dominant
-defined by the sea-merchant, ship building, fishing, supplying the naval stores

Middle Colonies

-good ports
-best farming, rich soil
-good for small farmers

Southern Colonies

-independent on big cash crops
-virginia has tobacco
-big on rice and sugar
-indigo is a big cash crop for the navy
-dominated by large plantation owners
-african chattle slavery (very dependent on slavery)

VIrginians

-come from south of England that was dominated by large landowners
-Cavaliers are for the king "next generation of knights"
-Cavaliers:Hegemonic LIberty "the right to rule"
-they end up in the southern colonies

New England Puritans

-come from eastern part of Britain
-middle class, they make and sell things
-family oriented and they end up in the new england colonies
-East Anglican Puritans:Ordered liberty "right to do right"
-they are escaping the religious persecutions of the Stuarts.

Pennsylvania

-quaker colony coming from the northern midlands which were bullied
-North Midland Quakers:Reciprocal liberty "the golden rule"
-they extend religious liberty
-they end up in the middle colonies

Backcountry/Frontier

-the Scots-Irish also known as the Northern Borders came from the borderlands
-they were the last wave of the four groups
-poor in wealth but rich in pride
-seen as lawless and independent
-Northern Bristish Borders:Natural liberty "you're not the boss of me"

The Great Awakening

-affected all the 13 colonies
-period of spiritual revival
-1700s
-believers grow in faith and people are convicted of their sins
-gives colonies a common identity
-changes the way colonies think about politics and the government
-more value on God's authority vs the government's

Rev.Jonathan Edwards

-witnesses the first stirrings
-important religious figure
-scholar who writes books on theology
-most famous sermon "Sinners in the hands of an angry God"
-preaches in churches

Rev.George Whitefield

-preaches everywhere
-known to preaching to big crowds (10,000)
-born in Great Britain and preaches in England and Scotland
-known for being very emotional, dramatic, and theatrical
-80% of american colonist heard him speak

French and Indian War

-Britain is fighting the french and the indians
-known as war of global proportions
-rivalry for trade and territory

Washington's part in the start of the war

-in 1754 was sent by virginia to warn the indians that they were on claimed land and then he got promoted to colonel

George Washington at Jumonville Glen

-they stumble upon some french
-somebody fires a shot and both sides star shooting
-the french leader gets wounded and then killed by half king

Fort Necessity

-located in the woods
-gets attacked by the french
-the battle is fought in the rain within musket range
-washington surrenders on the 4th of July
-washington signs a document admitting to the killing of the french's leader

Ohio River

-both the french and britain want to build a fort along the Ohio river to control river transportation
-the french get there first
-britain sends troops to attack the french fort

Battle of Mongahela "Braddock's Defeat"

-july 19,1755
-french were losing and started fighting gorilla style
-washington trained his men to fight like indians (spread out) but Braddock wants to stay in tight formations
-british gets shots to pieces including Braddock
-britain loses the battle and Braddock is buried under te road they march on

What does Fort Duquesne become?

Fort Pitt-Pittsburg

William Pitt

-secretary of state and apart of the Whig party
-determines british strategy
-british uses their money fund allies
-sends more men to fight in north america
-treats colonists like equals

Who tries to take Quebec?

General James Wolfe (dies 1771)

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham

-September 13,1759
-Wolfe gets his troop on a cliff
-battle was fought in traditional European style (rank and file)
-British fire a close range volley and it favors them
-both of the leaders die in battle
-the British wins

Who were the first to get to the New World?

the vikings (European sailors)

Speedwell

first boat the Separatist tried to come on but it had a leak so had they had to return and use the Mayflower

New England Colonies

Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire

Middle Colonies

Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware

its Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia

Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia