Unit 1 - Form Follows Function, Body Planes and Cavities, Anatomical Terminology

Form Follows Function

The way something is shaped is based on what function it has to do.

Anatomy

Structures (forms) of the body

Physiology

How things function (work)

Cells

All cells are different depending on their structure what function they perform.

Anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Midline

Imaginary mid-line dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Anterior (ventral)

Towards the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Towards the back of the body

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

On the different side of the body

Medial

Closer to the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Superficial

Near the surface of the body (done in relationship to deep)

Deep

More internal in the body (done in relationship to superficial

Trunk

Chest and abdomen

Proximal

Part that is closer to the trunk in relationship to another part

-Only arms and legs!

Distal

Part farther away from trunk in relationship to another part

-Only arms and legs

Superior

Above another part

-only head and trunk

Inferior

Below another part

-only head and trunk

Body planes

Human body is divided into planes to help name body parts, take MRI'S and Xrays, and analyze movement in the planes (move with the wall)

Sagittal plane

Imaginary line that separates the body into right an left halves. (can move across the body)

movement: walking

Midsagittal plane

Divides the body evenly in half (can't move)

movement: walking

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Imaginary line that separates the body into top and bottom halves

movement: twisting

Corneal (frontal) plane

Imaginary line that separates the body into front and back halves

movement: jumping jacks

Body Cavities

Spaces in the human body that are filled with various organs

Cavities

Open area in the body

Viscera

Organs within cavities

Dorsal

Pertaining to the back (posterior)

Ventral

Pertaining to the front (anterior)

Axial Portion

Head, neck, and trunk

All cavities with organs are here

Appendicular Portion

Upper and lower limbs (arms and legs)

No cavities that we focus on here

Axial split up into

Dorsal cavity and ventral cavity

Dorsal cavity

Head and neck and spine area (posterior)

Ventral cavity

Lungs and stomach area (anterior)

Dorsal cavity is split into

Cranial cavity and Vertebral cavity

Cranial cavity

Houses brain

Vertebral cavity

Houses spinal cord and vertebral column

Ventral cavity splits into

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Houses lungs heart esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

Abdominopelvic cavity splits into

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Houses stomach liver, spleen, gallbladder, and the small and large intestines

Pelvic cavity

Contains the end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

Diaphragm

A huge muscle that separates the Thoracic cavity from Abdominopelvic cavity

Head cavities

Oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, sinus

Integumentary system

Skin, nails, hair, glands: protect underlying tissues, help regulate body temp, house certain receptors, synthesize products

Skeletal system

Bones: provides framework, protection, serve as attachments for muscles, movement

Muscular system

Muscles: movement, help maintain posture, primary source of body heat

Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves: nerve impulses which leads to communication in body, brain to body, respond to stimuli

Endocrine system

Glands that secrete hormones: to effect metabolism of target cells

Cardiovascular system

Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood: pump blood throughout body, transport gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes

Lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen: defend body against infections by removing pathogens

Digestive system

Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine: receive foods, break them down into simpler forms so our body can use it

Respiratory system

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs: takes air in and out, exchange gases

Excretory (urinary) system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra: remove wastes, maintain body's water and electrolyte balance

Reproductive system

Different for male and female: produces offspring

Organization 1

Atom

Organization 2

Molecule

Organization 3

Organel

Organization 4

Cells

Organization 5

Tissue

Organization 6

Organ

Organization 7

Organ system

Organization 8

Organism (Human being)

Cephalic

Head

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital

Eye cavity

Nasal

Nose

Oral

Mouth

Cervical

Neck

Mental

Chin

Acromial

Point of shoulder

Sternal

In between pectorals

Pectoral

Chest

Mammary

Breast (nipple)

Brachial

arm

Axillary

Armpit

Ubilical

navel (where the embilical core got seperated from the body

Abdominal

Abdomen

Inguinal

groin

Coxal

hip

Carpal

wrist

Palmar

palm

digital

finger

Genital

reproductive organs

Patellar

front of knee

Tarsal

instep

Digital

toes

Occipital

back of head

Vertebral

spinal column

Lumbar

lower back

Sacral

between hips

Gluteal

buttocks

Femoral

thigh

Popliteal

back of knee

Plantar

sole of foot

Homeostasis

maintenance of a constant internal environment in the human body

extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell - protects our cells from external changes - is the body's internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms

self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed

Feedback Systems

Negative and positive (way more negative than positive)

Three components of a homeostatic mechanism

Receptors - provide information to the body about stimuli

Control center - Tells a particular value that the body should be and gives instructions on the change

Effectors - cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment