Anatomy & Physiology / Medical Term -Chapter 6

Crash course EMT book 2025

What is Anatomy?

Study of the structure of the body.

What is Homeostasis?

Self - regulating process where the body functions optimally while adjusting to varying conditions.

What is Pathophysiology?

Study of disease or injury.

 What is Perfusion?

adequate circulation of blood throughout the body.

What is shock?

Inadequate perfusion

is a state of balance or equilibrium within the body.

Homeostasis

Every cell, tissue, organ, and system, in the human body functions to maintain-

homeostasis

What is the anatomical position?

the body is in the standing position, arms at the sides, with palms forward.

What is the midline?

divides the body into equal left and right sides.

what is the transverse plane?

divides the body into top and bottom at the level of the umbilicus

what is the frontal plane?

divides the body into anterior and posteriorly.

what is abduction?

movement away from the midline

what is adduction?

movement towards the midline

what is extension?

straightening the joint.

what is flexion?

bending the joint.

what is fowler position?

seated with head elevated

what is recovery position?

lying on the left or right side.

How many bones are in the human body?

206

Ligaments connect bone to-

bone (think: bone-ligament-bone)

Tendons connect bone to-

muscle (think: bone-tendon-muscle)

What is the axial skeleton consist primarily of?

the skull, spinal, column, and ribcage.

Name the bone: the forehead

frontal bone

Name the bone: top of head, between the frontal and occipital bone

parietal bone

Name the bone: posterior portion of the skull

occipital bone

Name the bone: lateral bones, above the cheekbones.

temporal bone

Name the bone: moveable portion of the lower jaw?

Mandible

Name the bone: opening in the occipital where brain connects to spinal cord.

foramen magnum

how many vertebrae are in the spinal column-

33

Name the spinal column from superior to inferior:

Cervical spine

Thoracic spine

Lumbar Spine

Sacrum

Coccyx

Name the amount of bones in each vertebrae:

Cervical spine: 7

Thoracic Spine: 12

Lumbar Spine: 5

Coccyx: 4

Name the three parts of the sternum?

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid

What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

amrs

legs

pelvis

Where is the humerus located?

upper arm

where is radius located?

lateral bone of forearm

Where is the femur located?

thigh bone

where is the patella located?

kneecap

where is the tibia located?

medial bone of the lower leg

Name the upper airway (5)

1. Nose and mouth

2. Nasopharynx

3. Oropharynx

4. Hypopharynx

5. Epiglottis

Name the lower airway

1. Trachea

2. Carina

3. left and right mainstem bronchi

4. bronchioles

5. alveoli

is a substance that helps keeps the alveoli from collapsing.

surfactant

What is the pleura?

two thin, smooth layers of tissue with thin film of fluid in between to allow frictionless movement across one another.

what is a visceral pleura?

lines the outer surface of the lungs

what is the parietal pleura?

lines the inside surface of the chest cavity

is the primary use of respiration?

Diaphragm

Inhalation is an active process and requires -

energy

exhalation is normally passive and does—

not require engery.

What is external respiration?

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.

what is internal respiration?

gas exchanged between the body’s cells and the systemic capillaries.

what is cellular respiration?

uses oxygen to break down glucose to create energy.

what is the hypoxic drive?

is the backup system to the CO2 drive

What is Tidal Volume?

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath.

What is Residual Volume?

the amount of air in the lungs after completely exhaling. The residual volume keeps the lungs open.

What is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?

the amount of air you can still inhale and exhale after normal breath.

What is dead space?

the amount of air in the respiratory system not including the alveoli.

What is the formula for minute volume?

respiratory rate x tidal volume

what’s the normal adult breaths/min?

12-20

Normal pediatric breaths/min?

15-30

normal infant breaths/min?

25-50

What is the tripod position?

seated, leaning forward, and using the arms to help breath.

What is agonal breaths?

dying gasps, slow and shallow; will not move air into alveoli.

The Heart:

the right pump receives |     | blood from the body and sends it to the lungs to drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen on its way to the left heart.

deoxygenated blood

The Heart:

the left pump receives |     | blood from the lungs and sends it throughout the body. it is stronger of the two pumps, with a greater workload than the right pump.

oxygenated blood

divides the heart into left and right sides?

septal wall

What are the three layers of the heart?

1. Endocardium

2. Myocardium

3. Epicardium

pump the blood into the ventricles just before the ventricles contract.

Atria

receive blood from the atria and send it out of the heart during ventricular contraction.

ventricles.

The heart has its own—

electrical system.

what is preload?

is the precontraction pressure based on the amount of blood coming back to the heart.

leads to increased stretching of the ventricles and increased myocardial contractility.

increased preload

is the resistance the heart must overcome during ventricular contraction.

afterload

increased afterload leads to —

decreased cardiac imput.

is the resistance of blood flow throughout the body.

Systemic vascular resistance

Constriction of blood vessels |        | SVR and can cause an |       | in blood pressure.

increase

Dilation of blood vessels |      | SVR and can   |       | blood pressure

decrease

Where are central pluses located?

Carotid and Femoral

Where are peripheral pluses located?

Radial, Brachial, and Dorsalis Pedis

the liquid component of blood, made mostly of water

plasma

oxygen carrying components of blood

red blood cells

fight infections by defending against invading organisms.

white blood cells

essential for clot formation to stop bleeding

platelets

the specific name for red blood cells?

erthrocytes

the specific name for white blood cells?

leukocytes

the specific name for platelets

thrombocytes

the blood pressure exerted during contraction of the left ventricle

systolic pressure

the blood pressure in between contractions.

diastolic pressure

Perfusion

is the flow of blood throughout the body.

the means blood flow is adequate to all the tissues and organs of the body.

adequate perfusion

means blood flow has been compromised to the point the entire body is at risk.

inadequate perfusion.

The central nervous system consists of—

brain and spinal cord

largest part of the brain, controls thought, memory, and the senses

cerebrum

coordinates voluntary movement, fine motor function, and balance

cerebellum

includes midbrain,pons, the medulla; controls essential body functions, such as breathing and consciousness

brain stem

“fight or flight” portion of autonomic nervous system;excerts greater control in times of stress or danger

sympathetic nervous system

“feed and breed” portion of the nervous system; excerts greater control in times of rest, digestion, or reproduction

parasympathetic

Name the three layers of the skin:

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous layer

Give me a list of hollow organs:

• Stomach

• Large intestine

• small intestine

• gallbladder

• esphagus

Give me a list of solid organs:

• Pancreas

• Liver

• spleen

• kidneys

The endocrine system is responsible for what two things?

insulin production and regulation of blood glucose levels

the body uses oxygen to convert nutrients into cellular energy called:

ATP