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Homologous Series
families with common features and reactivities.
What makes up homologous series?
Successive families differ 1 methylene group (CH2)
Gradation in physical characteristics (like fractional distillation
Same general formula, functional groups, and similar chemical reactivities
What is a empirical formula?
simplest whole number ratio
What is a molecular formula?
actual number of atoms in compound
What is a full/structural formula
shows how every atom is bonded, so draw out c’s and must include Hydrogens
What is a condensed formula?
positions represented by omits bonds
eg. C4H10 would be written out as CH3CH2CH2CH3
What is a skeletal formula?
the line structure. Kinks in the line, and the end of each line represent a carbon
What is a stereochemical formula?
3D positions of groups around carbon
Number of Carbon prefixes?
meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
What are the other prefixes for number of side chains or other groups?
mono, di, tri, tetra, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
Alkanes
saturated- each carbon bonded to max number of hydrogens, only has single bonds, free rotation
Name ending and formula for alkanes?
Single bonds, ane ending. CnH2n+2.
What is the ending for an alkyl group?
an alkyl side chain ends with yl, like methyl, or ethyl
What happens if there are identical branches?
if there’s more than one of the same branch, use the prefix di, tri…
Alkenes
double bonded, unsaturated, ene ending, CnH2n. For the formula, it’s assumed that there is only 1 double bond
Alkynes
unsaturated, triple bonds, yne ending, it’s given priority. CnH2n-2, formula assumes only 1 triple bond
Cyclic
add cyclo prefix, shows it’s in a ring. Has a boat and chair conformation.
The boat and chair conformations for hexane, or 6 carbons
