Organics (IUPAC Naming)

Homologous Series

families with common features and reactivities.

What makes up homologous series?

• Successive families differ 1 methylene group (CH2)

• Gradation in physical characteristics (like fractional distillation

• Same general formula, functional groups, and similar chemical reactivities

What is a empirical formula?

simplest whole number ratio

What is a molecular formula?

actual number of atoms in compound

What is a full/structural formula

shows how every atom is bonded, so draw out c’s and must include Hydrogens

What is a condensed formula?

positions represented by omits bonds

eg. C4H10 would be written out as CH3CH2CH2CH3

What is a skeletal formula?

the line structure. Kinks in the line, and the end of each line represent a carbon

What is a stereochemical formula?

3D positions of groups around carbon

Number of Carbon prefixes?

meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec

What are the other prefixes for number of side chains or other groups?

mono, di, tri, tetra, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec

Alkanes

saturated- each carbon bonded to max number of hydrogens, only has single bonds, free rotation

Name ending and formula for alkanes?

Single bonds, ane ending. CnH2n+2.

What is the ending for an alkyl group?

an alkyl side chain ends with yl, like methyl, or ethyl

What happens if there are identical branches?

if there’s more than one of the same branch, use the prefix di, tri…

Alkenes

double bonded, unsaturated, ene ending, CnH2n. For the formula, it’s assumed that there is only 1 double bond

Alkynes

unsaturated, triple bonds, yne ending, it’s given priority. CnH2n-2, formula assumes only 1 triple bond

Cyclic

add cyclo prefix, shows it’s in a ring. Has a boat and chair conformation.

The boat and chair conformations for hexane, or 6 carbons