GCSE P.E MOVEMENT ANALYSIS

What is a lever system?

A lever system in human movement refers to the fulcrum, effort, and load components that work together to produce motion. It consists of a rigid bar (bone) pivoting around a joint (fulcrum) where forces (muscles) are applied to lift loads (body weight or objects)

What is the fulcrum?

A fixed point or pivot (joint)

What is the effort?

The point where force or effort is applied

What is load?

The point where the weight of resistance is coming from

What is the lever arm?

The bone or body part being moved about a point

What is the anagram to remember which levers are in which order?

1st = EFL

2nd = ELF

3rd = FEL

What is in the middle of a first class lever?

The fulcrum

What is the middle of a second class lever?

The load

What is in the middle of a third class lever?

The effort

Which movements are first class levers?

Extension at the elbow

Which movements are second class levers?

Plantar flexion at the ankle

Dorsi flexsion at the ankle

What movements are third class levers?

Flexion at the elbow

Flexion at the knee

Extension at the knee

What is mechanical advantage?

When the effort arm is longer than the resistance arm resulting in a more efficient force output

What is mechanical disadvatnage/

When the effort arm is shorter than the resistance arm resulting in a less efficient force output

What is the benefit of having a short effort arm?

Gives rapid movements over a large range of movements

What is the benefit of having a short resistance arm?

Able to move heavier loads

What is the effort arm?

The distance from the fulcrum to the point where effort is applied in a lever system

What is the weight arm?

The distance from the fulcrum to the point where the load is applied in a lever system

What is the formula for mechanical advantage?

Mechanical advantage = Effort arm / Weight arm

What type of mechanical advantage does a first class lever have?

Low mechanical advantage

What type of mechanical advantage does a second class lever have?

High mechanical advantage

What type of mechanical advantage does a third class lever have?

Low mechanical advantage

What are some disadvantages of high mechanical advantage?

Can only move a short distance

Slow

What are some disadvantages of low mechanical advantage?

Requires lots of effort from the muscles

What is the sagittal plane?

A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves, allowing for forward and backward movements

What is the frontal plane?

A vertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections, allowing for side-to-side movements

What is a transverse plane?

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections, allowing for rotational movements

What is a transverse axis?

An imaginary line that runs horizontally across the body

What is the sagittal axis?

An axis that runs from front to back through the centre of the body

What is the longitudinal axis?

An axis that runs vertically through the centre of the body, allowing for rotational movements.

Which planes and axis go together?

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(The axis cuts through the plane it goes with)

Transverse plane, longitudinal axis

Sagittal plane, transverse axis

Frontal plane, sagittal axis

What movement direction and type happen in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis?

Rotational movements such as twisting or turning occur in the transverse plane around the longitudinal axis (Discuss through, golf swing)

What movement direction and type happen in the sagittal plane and transverse axis?

Flexion and extension movements occur in the sagittal plane around the transverse axis (e.g., bicep curl, walking).

What movement direction and type happen in the frontal plane and sagittal axis?

Abduction and adduction movements occur in the frontal plane around the sagittal axis (e.g., jumping jacks, lateral raises).