Exam 4 Molecular Biology

EGFR, Cdk, angiogenesis, destruction

Hallmarks of cancer include: — and — inhibitors, resisting cell death, inducing —, avoiding immune —

blood vessels

angiogenesis is the process of producing new —, often in response to hypoxia

HIF-1

— regulates responses to hypoxia (lack of O2) by promoting the production of VEGF

stromal, VEGE

— cells are the primary producer of vascular endothelial growth factor (—), which promotes angiogenesis

basal lamina

stromal cells help with angiogenesis in that they weaken the — —, encourage the division of endothelial cells surrounding blood vessels, these endothelial cells invade the — creating a lumen where the blood will follow

block

avastin/bevacizumab and cyramza/ramucircumab — VEGF signaling

Bcl-2, Bax, p53

methods that cancer avoids cell death: some cancers over express anti-apoptotic (—) and under express pro-apoptotic —; loss of — can allow for resistance to apoptosis

pro-apoptotic

venclexta/venetoclax is a drug that competes with — proteins for Bcl2

p53

eprenetapopt is a drug that binds to certain mutant — and corrects the folding, was not approved by FDA

MHC1, seeing

often cancers avoid immune destruction by not expressing or evading — expression, preventing the immune system from ‘—’ the threat

Ag

some tumor cells fail to express tumor — or MHC molecule to avoid immune detection

PD-L1

overexpression of — can decrease immune responses

structure

cells form the tissues but still need support to maintain —

ECM

network of proteins/other molecules secreted by cells to support tissues

cell junctions

— — are attachment points between cells

structural

ECM and cell junctions provide — support for cells

larger

connective tissues have ECM in — quantities than any other tissue

collagen

what is the major protein in bone, tendons, and skin?

triple-stranded, stretchy

collagen has a — helix structure and provides tensile strength and —

fibroblasts, osteoblasts

collagen is primarily produced by — and —

40

there are about # genes in mammals that code for collagen

secretory, proteinase, fibrils

procollagen gets made in a — vesicle in the cell that is then excreted outside the cell, outside the cell procollagen is cleaved by —, this produces a collagen molecule, the collagen molecules then self-assemble into —

kill

if procollagen was left in the cell fibrils would form and — the cell

C, lysines, helix

in scurvy, vitamin — is used for hydroxylation of prolines and —, without vitamin (prev) collagen synthesis is impaired because it is needed to assemble the collagen —

integrins, fibronectin, activation

— are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that may indirectly interact with collagen using —, this interaction can occur in cell signaling particularly with —, binding on either side of this molecule leads to —

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

negatively charged polysaccharide chains in collagen

space-fillers, hydrogel, proteoglycans, bottlebrush

GAGs act as “— —” they are hydrophilic and have an extended conformation, this allows their negative charge to attract osmotically active cations (such as Na+ and water) this creates a — substance, GAGs often interact with —, GAGs — shape is key for making them squishy

basal lamina, junctions

epithelial cells have multiple attachment points, the basal side attaches to the — — which is made up of thin sheets of ECM, often contains — to attach to other cells, lower connective tissues help to support epithelial cells

tight, water, lateral, fluid

— junctions serve as barriers between cells, they are — tight and prevent — diffusion, they also help prevent — loss

claudins

— in tight junctions help prevent fluid loss

occludins

in tight junctions help prevent chronic inflammation and support stability of bands

adherens, actin

— junction that provides mechanical support, link — cytoskeletons together from one cell to another

cadherins, EC

— proteins from different cells that bind together, a type of adherens junctions that span the small — space between cells

belt

adherens junctions for an “adhesion —” around each other

desmosomes, intermediate filaments

similar to adherens junctions, cadherins bind to — — instead of actin

hemidesmosomes

intermediate filaments that help cell connect to the basal lamina

gap, channel

— junctions are the “(prev)” between cells that contain connexons (— between two cells)

water-filled, inorganic, soluble

connexons are the transmembrane protein complexes that are aligned to form — — channels across 2 cell membranes, — ions and water — molecules can move across, lots of gap junctions are in the heart so that there is unified contraction

tissue, self-renewing

adult stem cells are — specific, allowing some to be —-

differentiated

stem cells replenish 2 populations of cells: self-renewal (already tissue specific) or produce — cells (via progenitors)

progenitor

— cells are produced by stem cells

1, more

progenitor cells are committed to # pathway/cell line, can divide — than hematopoietic stem cells, have a limited number of divisions

multipotent

type of cell that can generate multiple differentiated cell types, can still pick a specific type within a genre

unipotent

makes one type of cell

terminally differentiated

a cell that is no longer divisible

crypt, conveyer, lumen

Intestinal cell renewal: stem/progenitor cells reside in the —, renewal progresses in a “— belt” style up the villa until reaching the top where the cells are shed into the —

stem cells

cell lineage tracing is used to identify where — — are in a tissue

stem cell niche

— — — is the microenvironment where stem cells exist

proliferation, differentiation

in the stem cell niche there is an increased — and a decreased — this is what allows for self-renewal of tissues,

paneth

— cells are niche supporting cells

Wnt

keeps stem cells as stem cells

terminally differentiated

for asymmetric stem cell division: one daughter cell is used for self-renewal while the other is — — and undergoes apoptosis, keeping the same number of stem cells

self-renewal

for symmetric division: both daughter cells under go —, allowing the number of stem cells to double

determinate

cell fate — is the process by which cells become speciallized

pluripotent, blastocyst, undifferentiated, tissue, immune

Embryonic Stem cells (ESC): are —, are extracted from the inner cell mass of —, can be kept proliferating indefinitely as — cells, can differentiate into any —. Concerns: potential — rejection, tetranomas, ethical implications

revert, gene, successful, signals, conversion, genome

induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC): take differentiated stem cells and try to — the processes to make them undifferentiated, alter — expression using transfection or chemicals, select for — cells, introduce — for correct differentiation. Concerns: low — rate, — altercations, tetranomas