Urology Flashcards

Flashcards covering urethra anatomy, urinary conditions, kidney function, and related topics.

Male Urethra Length

15 to 20 cm in length

Female Urethra Length

Approximately 4 cm in length

Acute Pyelonephritis

The nurse would expect when collecting medical history from a client admitted for pyelonephritis that they reporting 2 UTIs in the past 10 months.

Pathophysiology of UTIs

Usual cause: Enteric coliform (E. coli) bacteria traveling up the urethra in females due to a shorter urethra.

Psychosocial Impact of UTI

Disruption of life activities, such as not being able to attend family activities

Common Symptoms of UTI

Increased urinary frequency and urgency, dysuria (pain with urination), foul-smelling urine, hematuria, and suprapubic pain.

Urinary Retention

Inability to void or empty the bladder; can be acute or chronic

Obstructive Causes of Urinary Retention

Pelvic organ prolapse and constipation

Etiology of Acute Urinary Retention

Complications from anesthesia

Risk factor / incidence of Acute Urinary Retention

Complications from anethesia wear off.

Comorbidities Associated with Urinary Retention

Parkinson's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis

Symptoms of Chronic Urinary Retention

Dribbling of urine (not a full stream), complaint of bladder fullness after voiding with bladder distention

Etiology of Pyelonephritis

Usually caused by gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli found in fecal matter which spreads to the kidneys

Nursing Role in Preventing Pyelonephritis

Maintain adequate hydration to flush bacteria from the urethra and bladder

Preventing UTIs in Females

Wiping the perineal area from front to back after voiding to avoid contaminating the urethra with fecal matter; avoid feminine sprays or douches

Preventing UTIs

Complete all antibiotics as prescribed!

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Fluid-filled cysts develop in the kidneys, leading to damage and impaired kidney function

Etiology of Polycystic Kidney Disease

A rare genetic disorder resulting from a defective gene from one of the birth parents

Comorbidities of Polycystic Kidney Disease

Cerebral aneurysms and aneurysm ruptures

Clinical Presentation of Polycystic Kidney Disease

Cysts may obstruct urine flow, promoting urine stasis. Kidneys enlarge due to cyst growth, increasing abdomen girth.

Hypertension Management in PKD

Important to control in clients who have PKD to slow the progression to ESRD

Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)

Accumulations of minerals and salts that can lodge in the kidney or urinary tract and cause pain and blood in the urine

Renal Papilla

A conical-shaped structure located at the apex of each renal pyramid

Risk Factors for Renal Calculi

Lack of adequate hydration

Epidemiology of Renal Calculi

Areas of high temperatures

Clinical Presentation of Renal Calculi

Acute onset of severe flank pain, nausea, vomiting, fever

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Most common type of Inter-renal causation.

Pathophysiology of Acute Tubular Necrosis

Cells of the renal tubules become damaged, leading to cell death and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Psychological Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Anxiety, depression, and mental distress alter the quality of life, especially as it progresses into ESRD

Treatment-Related Factors Affecting Quality of Life in Hemodialysis

Food (high in potassium, sodium & phosphorus), fluid restrictions, and the time spent receiving treatment at the dialysis center

Urine Albumin Levels

30 mg/g or less is normal, greater than 30 mg/g indicates possible kidney damage