NR 283 Questions with 100% accurate solutions + rationales 2026

Which of the following is the most common cause of cellular injury?

A. Hypoxia

B. Chemical injury from drugs

C. Free radical-induced injury

D. Chemical injury from pollutants

A. Hypoxia

Which type of necrosis best describes death of a cell from hypoxia, generally as a result of ischemia in the lower extremities?

A. Fat

B. Coagulative

C. Liquefactive

D. Gangrenous

D. Gangrenous

Which statement is TRUE with regard to cellular change due to aging?

A. The cellular changes are reversible.

B. DNA becomes less susceptible to injurious stimuli.

C. The cellular changes proceed slowly and in small increments.

D. Lipid, calcium, and plasma proteins are less likely to be deposited in vessel walls.

C. The cellular changes proceed slowly and in small increments.

Which term best describes an allele with an observable effect?

A. Carrier

B. Dominant

C. Recessive

D. Homozygous

B. Dominant

Infusion of ______________ intravenous solutions promotes movement of water into cells, thus making the cells swell.

A. Isotonic

B. Hypertonic

C. Hypotonic

B. Hypertonic

Which electrolyte is the main intracellular electrolyte?

A. Potassium

B. Sodium

C. Calcium

D. Magnesium

A. Potassium

Which patient is at the highest risk for developing hyponatremia?

A. Older adult male with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

B. Older adult female with congestive heart failure

C. Young adult female with systemic lupus erythemoatosus

D. Young adult male with fever, severe vomiting and diarrhea

D. Young adult male with fever, severe vomiting and diarrhea

The most common cause of hyperkalemia is ___________ and ____________.

A. Excessive intake of K, body's inability to excrete it

B. Decreased intake of K, body's inability to excrete it

C. Excessive intake of K, body is excreting too much of it.

D. Decreased intake of K, body is excreting too much of it.

A. Excessive intake of K, body's inability to excrete it

Hyperkalemia is present when the level of potassium in the blood is higher than ______mEq/L.

A. 3.1

B. 4.1

C. 5.1

D. 6.1

C. 5.1

1.The nurse practitioner anticipates which of the following clients would be most at risk to develop hyperkalemia? The client:

A. Just diagnosed with cirrhosis.

B. Who has had diarrhea for the last four days.

C. With chronic renal failure.

D. With intestinal and nasogastric suctioning.

C. With chronic renal failure.

1The nurse understands that a client with albuminuria has edema caused by a:

A. Fall in plasma colloidal osmotic pressure

B. Fall in tissue hydrostatic pressure

C. Rise in tissue colloidal osmotic pressure

D. Rise in plasma hydrostatic pressure

A. Fall in plasma colloidal osmotic pressure

A client with COPD is admitted to the hospital with an exacerbation of the disease. Arterial blood gas results are pH 7.30 PCO2 51 and HCO3 25. How would the nurse interpret these?

A. Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated.

B. Respiratory acidosis, partially compensated.

C. Respiratory alkalosis, partially compensated.

D. Metabolic acidosis, partially compensated.

A. Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated.

A client has come to the office with a history of vomiting for 3 days. Which of the following ABG results would the nurse practitioner expect?

A. pH 7.3, PaCO2 50, HCO3 27

B. pH 7.34, PaC02 50 HCO3 28

C. pH 7.47, PaCO2 30, HCO3 23

D. pH 7.47, PaCO2 43, HCO3 28

D. pH 7.47, PaCO2 43, HCO3 28

A patient has a tissue growth that was diagnosed as cancer. Which of the following terms best describes this growth?

A. Neoplasm

B. Lipoma

C. Meningioma

D. Hypertrophy

A. Neoplasm

Which of the following indicates a nurse understands a proto-oncogene? A proto-oncogene is best defined as a(n) _____ gene.

A. Normal

B. Altered

C. Inactive

D. Tumor-suppressor

A. Normal

A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. She reports a sexual history that includes 43 partners. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer?

A. Herpes virus

B. Rubella virus

C. Human papillomavirus (HPV)

D. Hepatitis B virus

C. Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A 50-year-old female develops skin cancer on her head and neck following years of sunbathing. Which of the following cancers is the most likely?

A. Lymphoma

B. Adenoma

C. Basal cell carcinoma

D. Leukemia

C. Basal cell carcinoma

A patient asks why indoor pollution is worse than outdoor pollution. How should the nurse respond? Indoor pollution is considered worse than outdoor pollution because of cigarette smoke and:

A. Fireplace wood smoke

B. Radon

C. Benzene

D. Chlorine

B. Radon

Which cells are involved in initiating immune responses in the skin?

A. Langerhans cells

B. Merkel cells

C. Keratinocytes

D. Melanocytes

A. Langerhans cells

A 42-year-old female presents with raised red lesions with a brownish scale. She was diagnosed with discoid lupus erythematosus. A clinician recalls this disorder is related to:

A. Infection

B. Trauma

C. Autoimmunity

D. Cancer

C. Autoimmunity

Which of the following skin conditions is caused by a bacterial infection?

A. Warts

B. Varicella

C. Impetigo

D. Herpes simplex

C. Impetigo

What is the appropriate term for "inflammation of the hair follicle'?

A. Folliculitis

B. Furuncles

C. Carbuncles

D. Cellulitis

A. Folliculitis

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

A. basal cell

B. squamous cell

C. melanoma

D. Kaposi

A. basal cell

What is the appropriate term for a "fungal infection of the scalp"?

A. Tinea pedis

B Tinea corporis

C. Tinea capitis

D. Candidiasis

C. Tinea capitis

uWhich infections are caused by viruses? Select all that apply.

A. Erisypelas

B. Herpes simplex

C. Herpes zoster

D. Varicella

E. Furuncle

B. Herpes simplex

C. Herpes zoster

D. Varicella

Which of the following skin conditions is benign?

A. Kaposi sarcoma

B. Actinic keratosis

C. Basal cell carcinoma

D. Melanoma

B. Actinic keratosis

The nurse is describing the movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to the body organs and tissues. What term should the nurse use to describe this process?

A. Perfusion

B. Ventilation

C. Diffusion

D. Circulation

A. Perfusion

Students in a histology class are assigned to identify regions of the lung. The slide shows a basement membrane, capillary lumen, and macrophages. The students are looking at the:

A. Trachea

B. Bronchioles

C. Alveoli

D. Bronchus

C. Alveoli

An aide asks a nurse how surfactant works. How should the nurse respond? Surfactant facilitates alveolar distention and ventilation by:

A. Decreasing thoracic compliance

B. Attracting water to the alveolar surface

C. Decreasing surface tension in alveoli

D. Increasing diffusion in alveoli

C. Decreasing surface tension in alveoli

A 30-year-old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident and sustains trauma to the lungs and chest wall. He experiences respiratory failure. Which of the following lab values would the nurse expect?

A. Electrolyte imbalances

B. Elevated PaCO2

C. Low hematocrit

D. Elevated pH

B. Elevated PaCO2

A 65-year-old male recently had a cerebrovascular accident that resulted in dysphagia. He now has aspiration of gastric contents. The nurse assesses the patient for which complication?

A. Pneumonia

B. Bronchiectasis

C. Pneumothorax

D. Emphysema

A. Pneumonia

A 57-year-old male presents with cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and decreased lung volume. He is diagnosed with pneumoconiosis. When taking the patient's history, which finding is the most probable cause of his illness?

A. Inhalation of silica, asbestos, mica

B. Autoimmune disease

C. Allergic reactions

D. Flail chest

A. Inhalation of silica, asbestos, mica

A 10-year-old male is brought to the ER with prolonged bronchospasm and severe hypoxemia. The most likely diagnosis on the chart is:

A. Exercise-induced asthma

B. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

C. Status asthmaticus

D. Bronchiectasis

C. Status asthmaticus

A 25-year-old male presents with chronic bronchitis of 5 months' duration. When obtaining the patient's history, which of the following findings is most likely to cause this condition?

A. Chronic asthma

B. Air pollution

C. Cigarette smoke

D. Recurrent pneumonias

C. Cigarette smoke

When the nurse observes a diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia, the patient generally acquires this pneumonia:

A. At day care centers

B. On airplanes

C. During hospitalization

D. In the winter season

C. During hospitalization

A 60-year-old male undergoes surgery for a bone fracture. Which of the following nursing measures would be most effective for preventing pulmonary embolism (PE) in this patient?

A. Ensure that patient uses supplemental oxygen.

B. Prevent deep vein thrombosis formation.

C. Check hematocrit and hemoglobin levels frequently during the postoperative period.

D. Promote aggressive fluid intake.

B. Prevent deep vein thrombosis formation.

Which of the following assessment findings would be expected in pulmonary embolism (PE)?

A. Chest pain

B. Tachycardia

C. Tachypnea

D. Fever

E. Hemoptysis

F. All of the above

F. All of the above

A 52-year-old female is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of pericarditis. She asks the nurse to explain where the infection is. In providing an accurate description, the nurse states that the pericardium is:

A. The outer muscular layer of the heart

B. The innermost layer of the heart chambers

C. A membranous sac that encloses the heart

D. The heart's fibrous skeleton

C. A membranous sac that encloses the heart

A 65-year-old male develops blockage in the pulmonary artery. As a result of the blockage, blood would first back up into the:

A. Aorta

B. Left ventricle

C. Pulmonary veins

D. Right ventricle

D. Right ventricle

A nurse is teaching about the heart. Which information should the nurse include? The chamber of the heart that generates the highest pressure is the:

A. Right atrium

B. Left atrium

C. Left ventricle

D. Right ventricle

C. Left ventricle

When a staff member asks where venous blood from the coronary circulation drains into, what is the best response by the nurse? The:

A. Superior vena cava

B. Inferior vena cava

C. Right atrium

D. Left atrium

C. Right atrium

While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action potentials down the atrioventricular septum.

A. Bachmann bundle

B. Bundle of His

C. Sinoatrial node

D. Atrioventricular node

B. Bundle of His

While planning care for a heart patient, which principle should the nurse recall? Right ventricular afterload is affected by:

A. Vascular resistance in the systemic vessels

B. Right end-diastolic pressure

C. Pressures in the vena cava

D. Pulmonary vascular resistance

D. Pulmonary vascular resistance

When a nursing student wants to know where the primary cardiovascular control center is located, what is the nurse's best response? In the:

A. Cerebral cortex

B. Midbrain

C. Medulla

D. Cervical spinal cord

C. Medulla

Most cases of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension have no known cause and are documented on the chart as _____ hypertension.

A. Primary

B. Secondary

C. Congenital

D. Acquired

A. Primary

A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following symptoms would he most likely experience?

A. Headache and blurred vision

B. Nausea and vomiting

C. Chest pain and palpitations

D. Syncope and fainting

D. Syncope and fainting

What term should the nurse document for a detached blood clot?

A. Thrombus

B. Embolus

C. Thromboembolism

D. Infarction

C. Thromboembolism

A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. The nurse assesses for myocardial:

A. Hypertrophy

B. Ischemia

C. Necrosis

D. Inflammation

B. Ischemia

A 49-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain. EKG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial?

A. Administer a diuretic to decrease volume.

B. Apply oxygen to increase myocardial oxygen supply.

C. Encourage exercise to increase heart rate.

D. Give an antibiotic to decrease infection.

B. Apply oxygen to increase myocardial oxygen supply.

A 75-year-old male has severe chest pain and dials 911. Lab tests at the hospital reveal elevated levels of cardiac troponins I and T. Based upon the lab findings, the nurse suspects which of the following has occurred?

A. Raynaud disease

B. Myocardial infarction (MI)

C. Orthostatic hypotension

D. Varicose veins

B. Myocardial infarction (MI)

Which characteristic changes should the nurse keep in mind while caring for a patient with left heart failure? As left heart failure progresses:

A. Left ventricular preload increases.

B. Systemic vascular resistance decreases.

C. Left end-diastolic volume decreases.

D. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases.

A. Left ventricular preload increases.

Promotes inflammation

A. Basophils

B. Eosinophils

C. Platelets

D. Red Blood Cells

A. Basophils

A 68-year-old is admitted to emergency department with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera. A nurse realizes the patient's symptoms are mainly the result of:

A.. A decreased erythrocyte count

B. Rapid blood flow to the major organs

C. Increased blood viscosity

D. Vessel injury

C. Increased blood viscosity

Which individual should the nurse assess initially for a vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

A. A 3-year-old female who is a fussy eater

B. A 26-year-old female in the 2nd trimester of her first pregnancy

C. A 47-year-old male who had a gastrectomy procedure

D. A 64 year-old male with a history of duodenal ulcers

C. A 47-year-old male who had a gastrectomy procedure

A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia). The most likely cause is a decrease in:

A. Ferritin

B. Gastric enzymes

C. Intrinsic factor

D. Erythropoietin

C. Intrinsic factor

Leukocytosis can be defined as:

A. A normal leukocyte count

B A high leukocyte count

C. A low leukocyte count

D. Another term for leukopenia

B A high leukocyte count

In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the nurse assesses for active bleeding after intravascular clotting because:

A. Prothrombin is activated

B. Clotting factors are depleted

C. Inflammatory mediators are released

D. Tissue factor is inactivated

B. Clotting factors are depleted

All of the following may result in dysphagia EXCEPT:

A. Altered neuromuscular ability to coordinate movement of material to the esophagus

B. Impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

C. Decreased peristalsis of the distal portion of the esophagus

D. Pyrosis (heartburn)

D. Pyrosis (heartburn)

A client with GERD complains about having difficulty sleeping at night. Appropriate intervention would be:

A. Sleeping on 2 or 3 pillows

B. Eliminating carbohydrates from the diet

C. Suggesting a large glass of milk before retiring

D. Administering an antacid

A. Sleeping on 2 or 3 pillows

To limit symptoms of GERD, the nurse should advise the client to:

A. Avoid heavy lifting

B. Lie down after eating

C. Increase fluid intake with meals

D. Wear an abdominal binder or girdle

A. Avoid heavy lifting

A client with a peptic ulcer in the duodenum would probably describe the associated pain as:

A. An ache radiating to the left side

B. An intermittent colicky flank pain

C. A gnawing sensation relieved by food

D. A generalized abdominal pain intensified by moving

C. A gnawing sensation relieved by food

Crohn's Disease differs pathologically from ulcerative colitis in that ulcerative colitis:

A. Affects only the mucosal layer of the bowel

B. Involves the small and large bowel

C. Produces a greater risk for malabsorption of nutrients

D. May progress to development of fistulas of adjacent organs

A. Affects only the mucosal layer of the bowel

A client with chronic renal failure asks the nurse practitioner why he is anemic

A. It is likely that you have hereditary traits for the development of anemia

B. There is a decrease in production by the kidneys of the hormone erythropoietin

C. You need to review your dietary intake of iron-rich foods

D. The increase of metabolic wastes products in your body suppresses the bone marrow

B. There is a decrease in production by the kidneys of the hormone erythropoietin

A client to the ED with coffee-colored urine and edema states he had a bad sore throat a few weeks ago. His BP is elevated, and urinalysis shows blood and protein in the urine. The nurse interprets that this clinical picture is consistent with which developing health problems

A. Acute glomerulonephritis

B. UTI

C. Urinary calculi

D. Acute prostatitis

A. Acute glomerulonephritis

Which describes the correct flow of blood in the kidney?

A. Afferent arteriole to the peritubular capillaries to the venule

B. Efferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the peritubular capillaries

C. Peritubular capillaries to the glomerular capillaries to the venule

D. Afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole

D. Afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole

Which statement is the most common cause of cirrhosis

A. Hep A

B. Hep B

C. Hep D

D. Alcoholic hepatitis

B. Hep B