Module 20 Revolutions Sweep the West

Miguel Hidalgo

priest who issued the Grito de Dolores which called for a peasant rebellion in Mexico

Miguel Hidalgo

First of several leaders to lead the independence movement in Mexico

Difference between the fight for independence between Mexico and Brazil

as that Brazil’s was mostly peaceful whereas Mexico’s had a lot of bloodshed

Saint-Domingue

also known as Haiti was the site of the French island that rebelled against France. Occupied the western 3rd of the island of Hispaniola

Toussiant L’Ouverture

was the leader of the revolt in Saint-Domingue and helped end slavery there on the island of Hispaniola.

Mestizos

term used in Latin America to describe people of mixed European and Indian ancestry

Mulattos

term used in Latin America to describe people of mixed European and African Ancestry

Peninsulares

term names the people at the top of Spanish American society. It also describes Latin Americans born in Spain

Creoles

term used in Latin America to describe Spaniards born in Latin America.

Creoles

This social group helped spearhead the independence movement in Latin America

Simon Bolivar

He led his forces against the Spanish army in the Battle of Ayacucho which was the last battle in the Spanish colonies’ war for independence. Known as the “Libertador

Jose’ de San Martin

He gave up command of his army once he won independence for Argentina and Chile

Jose’ de San Martin

Liberated parts of Spanish speaking South America

Jose Maria Morelos

He was a priest who was a skillful military leader who led the revolution in Mexico for 4 years

Nationalism

key components of Nationalism would be a shared culture, One’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king, One’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people

Nationalism

Was a force that tore apart centuries-old empires, gave rise to the nation-state and was opposed by conservatives

Liberal

middle class merchant

Conservative

wealthy property owner – by 1849 most of Europe was under their control

Radical

a peasant or revolutionary

Louis-Napoleon

elected ruler of France that declared himself an emperor

Edict of Emancipation

issued by Alexander II the Russian Czar who freed over 20 million serfs

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

did NOT achieve their goals of freedom and equality

Austria

lost the most territory when Italy became unified

Rome

was officially named the capital of the Kingdom of Italy after the conquest of the Papal States

Giuseppe Garibald

led the Italian unification in the south. Since he always wore a red shirt, his army became known as the Red Shirts

Otto von Bismarck

Was used in the Franco-Prussian War to gain support from the Germans in the South

Otto von Bismarck

He originated the political style known as realpolitik

Otto Von Bismarck

Expanded the Prussian Empire that would eventually become Germany

1871

shift of power in Europe happened when Prussia became German

Otto von Bismarck

Eventually would lead to the formation of the Second Reich thru ruthless leadership

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian diplomat – Conservative leader who dominated European politics. The liberal uprisings in Europe in 1848 resulted in his resignation

Camillo di Cavour

expanded Piedmont-Sardinia’s power plus was the force behind uniting Italy

Kaiser

was the name given to the ruler of the new, unified German empire

The Gothic novel

is largely identified with the artistic movement known as romanticism

Romanticism

ideas filled with wild emotions and feelings, the love of nature’s untamed beauty, the value of common people, the glorification of heroes and heroic actions

Romanticism

music became part of middle-class life for the first time

Romanticism

Linked to nationalism by having National heroes and cultural pride as themes

Industrialism

was factor in the rise of the realism movement

Goethe, Chopin, Coleridge and Constabl

were romantic writers and composers

Ludwig van Beethoven

one of romanticism first composers

Impressionism

creation of mental pictures

Impressionism

Goal of impressionist artists and composers was to illustrate a moment in time

Realism

its style would be to accurately depict the oppressive working conditions of Latin Americans under Spanish control

Realism

Industrialism help bring about this style