Liver Function

200-300 mg

How much bilirubin is produced daily by the liver?

Pale gray (clay)

Bile duct obstruction turns stool into what color?

>3.0 mg/dL

Jaundice becomes visible to the naked eye once bilirubin levels reach:

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome

A serious liver disorder in which multiple mutations in the gene coding for UDGPT results in the production of mildly dysfunctional to completely nonfunctional UDGPT.

Gilbert Disease

Liver disorder that results in lower production of UDGPT due to a genetic lesion and overall lower enzymatic activity.

20 mg/dL

The danger of kernicterus is guaranteed at levels exceeding:

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

• This condition is associated with a defect in the ability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into the bile

• It also results in the appearance of dark-stained granules in a liver biopsy.

MDR2/cMOAT

Dubin-Johnson syndrome is caused by the deficiency of which transporter protein?

Physiologic jaundice

Type of jaundice that occurs in preterm babies

Rotor Syndrome

• It is an inherited liver disorder causing mild, intermittent jaundice due to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood, resulting from impaired liver storage and transport of bilirubin.

• It does not show dark-pigmented granules on a liver biopsy

Cirrhosis

Clinical condition in which tissue scar replaces normal, healthy liver tissue.

• Chronic alcoholism

• Chronic hepatitis C

Most common causes of Cirrhosis are:

Metastatic liver cancer

What type of cancer is more common than primary liver cancers?

Hepatocellular carcinoma

It is the most common malignant tumor of the liver.

Reye Syndrome

An acute illness characterized by non-inflammatory encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the liver.

• Almost exclusively seen in children

Ethanol

It is the MOST IMPORTANT drug which could cause liver damage!

Acetaminophen

Which drug can cause fatal hepatic necrosis?

Aspirin

Which drug is mainly associated with Reye syndrome?

Pink-purple

Classic diazo reaction produces what color?

Evelyn-Malloy

Which classic diazo reaction technique uses 50% methanol as accelerator?

Jendrassik-Grof

Which classic diazo reaction technique uses caffeine sodium benzoate as accelerator?

Delta bilirubin

Type of bilirubin seen only when there is significant hepatic obstruction

• Covalent bound to albumin

30-50%

If bilirubin is left unprotected from light, its values may reduce by ______ per hour.