Cell and Molecular Biology Lecture 13

The phosphates are normally joined to _______ _______________ of the ribose or deoxyribose sugar (designated 5') Mono-, di-, and triphosphates are common.

The ______________ are normally joined to C5 hydroxyl of the ribose or _________________ ____________(designated 5') Mono-, di-, and triphosphates are common.

The _________________ makes a nucleotide negatively charged

The phosphate makes a nucleotide ______________ charged

A nucleotide consists of a ______________-containing base (connected to carbon one), a five-carbon sugar, and one or more ______________ group (connected to carbon 5)

A _________________ consists of a nitrogen-containing base (connected to carbon _______), a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate group (connected to carbon ______)

___________________ are the subunits of the nucleic acids

Nucleotides are the subunits of the ____________ ___________

_______-_____________ bond is the covalent bond between the sugar and base with a N

N-glycosidic bond is the covalent bond between the ____________ and ___________ with a _____

______________ = Adenine

Base = ______________

______________ + _____________= nucleoside = Adenosine

Base + Sugar = _________________ = _________________

_________________ + ______________ + ______________ = nucleotide = Adenosine triphosphate

Base + sugar + phosphate = ______________ = ___________________ _____________

The ______________ are _____________-containing ring compounds either pyrimidines ( two rings) or purines (single ring)

The bases are nitrogen-containing ring compounds either _______________ ( two rings) or ______________ (single ring)

There are two varieties in the _______________ family = adenine and guanine

There are two varieties in the purine family = ____________ and ______________

There are three varieties in the _______________ family = uracil, cytosine, and thymine

There are three varieties in the pyrimidine family = ___________, _____________, and ________________

The sugar _____________ (a five carbon sugar) has two kinds B-D-ribose and B-D-2-deoxyribose

The sugar pentose (a five carbon sugar) has two kinds ______________ and ________________

_________________ is used in ribonucleic acid (RNA)

B-D-ribose is used in _______________ _______________ (_________)

______________________ is used in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

B-D-2-deoxyribose is used in ____________ _____________ (_________)

________________ are joined together by a phosphodiester linkage between ___ and ____carbon atoms to form nucleic acids

Nucleotides are joined together by a ____________ ______________ between 5' and 3' carbon atoms to form __________ ___________

The linear sequence of _____________ in a nucleic acid chain is commonly abbreviated by a one-letter code, A-G-C-T-T-A-C-A, with the 5' end of the chain at the left

The linear sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid chain is commonly abbreviated by a one-letter code, __-___-__-__-__--___-__-____, with the 5' end of the chain at the left

__________ are single stranded molecules, and DNA are double stranded molecules

RNA are single stranded molecules, and _________ are double stranded molecules

The _____________ ___________ are not involved in polymerization

The nitrogenous bases are not involved in _____________

When ___-___, ___-___ pairing matching perfectly its called complementary base pairing

When G-C, A-T pairing matching perfectly its called _____________ ___________ _____________

A pairs with ______

____ pairs with T

C pairs with ______

______ pairs with G

GC pairs are _____________ than AT pairs, because _____ pairs only form two hydrogen bonds, while ______ pairs form three hydrogen bonds

GC pairs are stronger than AT pairs, because AT pairs only form ______ hydrogen bonds, while GC pairs form __________ hydrogen bonds

____________-______________ is where separate strands that run in a different direction.

Anti-parallel is where separate strands that run in a ______________ direction.

A __________ ____________ _____________ has both a minor groove and major groove

A DNA double helix has both a ___________ groove and ___________ groove

A ____________ _________ is 3.4 nm long with ______ base pairs (bp)

A helical turn is ________ long with 10 base pairs (bp)

____________ ______________ is protein involved to organize DNA into multi level organization

Protein scaffold is protein involved to organize DNA into ________ ____________ ____________

Each _____________ is a linear DNA molecule

Each chromosome is a ____________ DNA molecule

Human has _____ pairs + XX (___________/ true pair) or XY (________/ not true pair) chromosome

Human has 22 pairs + ______ (female/ true pair) or _________ (male/ not true pair) chromosome

Each chromosome is about ____ ____________ (5 cm) long on average

Each _____________ is about 2 inches (______ ___________) long on average

Phenotype is the _____________ ____________ of an organism

___________ is the physical characteristics of an organism

The 3 stages of Mendel's Garden Pea Experiment =

1. Produce ____________-_____________ strains for each trait

2. _________-_____________ true-breeding strains having alternate forms of a trait

3. Allow the hybrid offspring to __________-__________ for several generations and count the number of offspring showing each form of the trait

The 3 stages of _____________ Garden Pea Experiment =

1. Produce true-breeding strains for each _______

2. Cross-fertilize true-breeding strains having ___________ forms of a trait

3. Allow the hybrid offspring to self-fertilize for several generations and count the number of offspring showing each form of the _____

inheritance of traits is governed by hereditary factors is _____________

inheritance of traits is governed by ____________ factors is genes

different versions of gene account for the variation is ___________

different ______________ of gene account for the ___________ is alleles

______________ is the actual genetic makeup,e.g. AA, Aa, or aa

genotype is the actual ___________ genetic makeup,e.g. AA, Aa, or aa

_________________ is an individual that have two identical alleles for the trait,e.g. AA or aa

homozygous is an individual that have two ____________ alleles for the trait,e.g. _____ or _____

__________________ is an individual that have two different alleles for the trait, e.g. Aa

heterozygous is an individual that have two _____________ alleles for the trait, e.g. _____

_____________ ___________ is the cross between parents that are heterozygous for a single trait e.g. Aa x Aa

Monohybrid cross is the cross between parents that are _____________ for a single trait e.g. Aa x Aa

_______________ ratio is 3:1

Phenotypic ratio is _______:_______

____________ ratio is 1:2:1

Genotypic ratio is _______:________:_______