Rad Proc Exam 1 Study guide

mastoid tip is at which vertebrae?

C1

the gonion is at which vertebrae?

C2 C3

hyoid bone is at which vertebrae?

C4

jugular notch is at which vertebrae?

T2 T3

vertebra prominens is at which vertebrae?

C7

thyroid cartilage is at which vertebrae?

C5

the sternal angle is at which vertebrae?

T4 T5

inferior angle of scapula is at which vertebrae?

T7

xiphoid process is at which vertebrae?

T9 T10

inferior costal margin is at which vertebrae?

L2 L3

iliac crest is at which vertebrae?

L4 L5

anterior superior iliac spine is at which vertebrae?

S1 S2

pubic symphysis and greater trochanters is at which vertebrae?

coccyx

SID

source to image receptor distance

OID

object to image receptor distance

ARRT stands for

american registry of radiologic technologists

ARRT does what?

ethics

scope of practice

board / registry exam

ASRT stands for

american society of radiologic technologists

ASRT does what?

practice standards

provides CECs

registered techs can become members

ALARA stands for

as low as reasonably achievable

what does alara entail?

keeping radiation exposure as low as possible

4 body planes

sagittal coronal horizontal oblique

sagittal body plane

right and left segments

coronal body plane

anterior and posterior segments

horizontal body plane

upper and lower portions

oblique body plane

passes through body at any angle with any of the other 3 planes

special planes

interiliac plane

occlusal plane

interiliac plane

trasects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the 4th lumbar spinous process

used to position lumbar spine sacrum coccyx

occlusal plane

formed by biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed

odontoid process and head projections

an increase in the SID does what?

reduces magnification and increases spatial resolution and reduction in pt dose

what SID are we supposed to use in this class?

40 and 72

anatomic position

standing erect with the face and eyes direcred forward, arms extended by side, palm of hands forward heels together toes pointing anteriorly

4 quadrants of the body

RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ

9 regions of the body

left lateral

right lateral

hypogastrium

epigastrium

umbilical

right inguinal

left inguinal

right hypochondrium

left hypochondrium

average body types

sthenic and hyposthenic

extreme body types

asthenic

hypersthenic

body type percentages

sthenic- 50

hyposthenic 35

asthenic 10

hypersthenic 5

body habitus affects the location of which organs?

heart

lungs

diaphragm

stomach

colon

gallbladder

how do the organs lie in a sthenic body type?

heart- transverse

lungs - length

diaphragm- high

stomach- high upper left

colon - evenly spread

gallbladder - right center upper abd

how do the organs lie in a hyposthenic body type?

between sthenic and asthenic- most difficult to classify

how do the organs lie in a asthenic body type?

heart-vertical at midline

lungs - long apices above clavicles broader above base

diaphragm - low

stomach- low medial in pelvis when standing

colon- low folds on itself

gallbladder- low and near midline

how do the organs lie in a hypersthenic body type?

heart - transverse axis

lungs- short apices near clavicles

diaphragm- high

stomach- high transverse middle

colon- periphery of abdomen

gallbladder- high outside lies more parallel

characteristics of sthenic body type

build- heavy

abdomen- long

thorax-short broad deep

pelvis- small

characteristics of asthenic body type

build-frail

abdomen-short

thorax-long shallow

pelvis- wide

characteristics of hypersthenic body type

build-massive

abdomen-long

thorax-short broad deep

pelvis- narrow

2 main groups of bones

axial and appendicular

axial skeleton

80 bones

skull neck thorax vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

126 bones

upper extremity

lower extremity

pelvic girdle

shoulder girdle

compact bone

strong dense outer layer of bone

protects and gives strength for supporting body

spongy bone

inner less dense layer of bone

contains trabeculae

trabeculae

spiculated network of interconnecting spaces filled witht red and yellow marrow

When performing a lateral forearm projection and the 5th digit (pinky finger) is placed on the IR with the CR entering the thumb side and exiting the 5th digit side, the projection is correctly termed a:

Lateromedial Projection

classifications of joints

functional and structural

functional joints classifications

synarthroses

amphiarthroses

diarthroses

synarthroses

immovable

amphiarthroses

slightly movable

diarthroses

freely movable

structural classification of joints is based on the

type of tissue that articulate bones

classifications of joints based on tissues

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

fibrous joints do not have a

joint cavity

fibrous joints are united by

fibrous connective tissues or ligaments

strongest joints in the body are

fibrous joints

movement of fibrous joints

immovable

3 types of fibrous joints

gomphosis

suture

syndesmosis

gomphosis

immovable in roots of teeth

suture

immovable only in skull

syndesmosis

immovable or slightly movable

inferior tibiofibular joint

cartilaginous joints

dont have a joint cavity

immovable

____ or ____ unites cartilaginous joint

hyaline or fibrocartilage

types of cartilaginous joints

symphysis

synchrondosis

symphysis joints

slightly movable

separated by a pad of fibrocartilage

pubic symphysis

synchondosis joints

immovable

rigid cartilage

epiphyseal plate

temporary joint— changes with ossification

synovial joints

freely movable

most complex in the body

articular capsule

surrounds and enfolds all synovial joints to join separate bones together

outer layer of capsule - fibrous capsule

synovial membrane

inner layer surrounds entire joint to make joint cavity

synovial fluid

thick yellow viscous fluid that lubricates joint to reduce friction

meniscus

fibrocartilage pad that surrounds the joint

shock absorber

bursae

synovial fluid sacs outside of main cavity

reduce friction

list of synovial joints

gliding hinge pivot ellipsoid saddle ball and socket

gliding joints

uniaxial

simplest

slight movement

flattened curved surfaces

wrist joints

hinge joints

uniaxial

flexion and extension

elbow knee

pivot joints

uniaxial

rotation around a single axis

cervical spine

ellipsoid joints

biaxial two directions that are right angles

wrist

flexion extension adduction abduction circumduction - combo of both movements can occur

saddle joints

biaxial

carpalmetacarpal joint is only one

ball and socket

multiaxial

flexion extension adduction abduction circumduction rotation

hip shoulder

5 classification of bones

short long sesamoid irregular flat

types of fractures - list

closed

displaced

nondisplaced open

compound

simple

greenstick

transverse

spiral

oblique

comminuted

impacted

types of motion

voluntary involuntary equipment

why does involuntary motion occur?

heart beat

chills

peristalsis

tremors

pain

spasm

best way to control involuntary motion

reduce exposure time

causes of voluntary motion

nervousness

discomfort

excitability

mental illness

fear

age

breathing

ways to minimize voluntary motion

give clear instructions

provide comfort

adjust support devices

apply immobilization

best way to control voluntary motion

decrease length of exposure time

magnification is

size distortion

superimposition

overlapping of different anatomical structures on a 2d image