biopsies

Percutaneous

Piercing through patient’s skin to access tissue

Trans-jugular Biopsy

Needle is inserted via the jugular vein in the neck to access tissue (specialized for the liver)

Laproscopic

Creating very small incision to access tissue

Core needle

Larger needle for penetration in biopsies

Fine needle

Small and precise needle for penetration in biopsies

Tissue biopsy

Sample of the tissue: more accurate, more invasive, determines exact nature of disease

Liquid biopsy

Less invasive + less accurate, assesses global genetic alterations, shows progression of disease/therapy when serial collection of samples

Process of pre-surgery

Determine: organ, size, shape, color, consistency, border, margin.

Preparation:

Cut the sample, fixation by formalin, dehydration by ethanol, clearing by xylene, embedding in Paraffin, incubation + Paraffin “block”, slice with microtome

Stain using H+E

Observe under microscope

Hematoxylin

Basic, positively charged. Stains nucleus

Eosin

Negatively charged. Stains cytoplasm and extracellular matrix

Basophilic

Stains well with Hematoxylin

How do fat-rich structures stain?

They remain clear (white) due to their hydrophobic quality

Transient ischemic attack

Injury to brain cells

NAPQI

Depletes Glutathione. Released by Acetaminophen

Glutathione

Tripeptide that inhibits free radicals

N-acetylcysteine (NAC)

Replenishes Glutathione. Antidote for acetaminophen damage

Hypoxia (low oxygen) causes

Ischemia

Hypoxemia

Hemoglobin abnormalities

Ischemia

Lack of blood

Hypoxemia

Insufficient oxygen in the blood (PaO2)