In Detail Bio Lab Final

What are the main parts of a compound light microscope?

Ocular Lens

Objective Lenses

Stage

Diaphragm

Condense

Coarse/fine foucs knobs

Light source 

Arm

Base

How do you calculate total magnification?

Ocular magnification x objective magnification

What happens to field of view as magnification increases?

Field of view decreases

What happens to depth of focus as magnification increases?

Depth of focus decreases

Why do you start at low power on a mircoscope?

Easier to locate and center the specimen

Which focus knob do you use on high power?

Fine focus only 

What are the cell cycle phases?

g1, S, G2, M

What happens during S phase?

DNA replication

Appearance of prophase?

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down

Appearance of Metaphase?

Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

Appearance of Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles 

Appearance of Telophase

Nuclear envelopes reform; chromosomes decondense

Mitotic Index Formula?

(Cells in mitosis) / (Total Cells) x 100

% cells at rest (interphase) formula?

(Cells in interphase) / (Total Cells) x 100

When do you use a chi-square test of independence?

To test relationship between 2 categorical variables

When do you use a chi-square goodness-of-fit?

To compare observed vs. expected distributions

When do you use an independent t-test?

Comparing 2 different groups

When do you use a paired t-test?

Comparing measurements from the same group before/after

df Formula for Chi-Square?

Categories - 1

df for Independent T-Test?

n1 +n2 - 2

What is P-Value?

Probability results are due to chance

P < 0.05 means what?

Reject the null hypothesis

4 Ways Bacteria are Classified?

Nutrition type

Oxygen requirement

Shape

Gram Stain

3 Ways Bacteria Acquire DNA?

Transformation

Transduction

Conjugation

What is a plasmid?

Small circular DNA molecule carrying genes 

Components of gGLO plasmid?

GFP gene

araC regulator

Arabinose promoter

Ampicillin resistance gene

What is a reporter gene?

Gene used to indicate successful transfomrationW

What activates GFP expression in pGLO?

Arabinose 

Growth on LB/Amp with +pGLO?

Growth (amp resistance)

Growth + glow on LB/amp/ara with +pGLO?

Yes (GFP expressed)

Definition of sterile technique?

Procedures preventing contamination during handling 

Genotype v. Phenotype

Genotype = genetic makeup

Phenotype = expressed trait

Dominant vs. Recessive

Dominant expressed with 1 allele

Recessive only when homozygous

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous 

Same alleles = homozygous 

Different alleles = heterozygous 

P, F1, F2 Generations?

Parent → First filial → Second filial

Diploid vs. Haploid

Diploid = 2 sets

Haploid = 1 set

Parental vs. Recombinant chromosomes?

Parental = original combinations 

Recombinant - crossing over products 

Linked vs. Unlinked Genes

Linked is <50% recombination

Unlinked ~50%

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

When does independent assortment occur?

Metaphase 1

Phenotypic ratio for monohybrid cross?

3:1

Phenotypic Ratio for Dihybrid Cross (unlinked)?

9:3:3:1

Purpose of a testcross?

Determine genotype of dominant/unknown phenotype 

How to calculate gene distance?

% recombinants = map units

What are exons?

Coding sequences

What are introns?

Noncoding sequences 

What are transposons?

Mobile genetic elements

“Jumping Genes”

Steps of PCR?

Denaturation → Annealing → Extension

Denaturation Temperature?

94-95 

Annealing Temperature?

55-72

Extension Temperature?

72

Materials needed for PCR?

Template DNA

Primers 

Taq polymerase

dNTPs 

Mg 

Buffer

What is MasterMix?

Taq polymerase + dNTPs + Buffer + Mg

What does InstaGene Matrix Do?

Chelates ions to remove PCR inhibitors

DNA Quantity Formula for PCR Cycles?

Final copies = starting copies x 2^n

Why does DNA move through gel?

DNA is negatively charged and moves towards positive electrode

Which DnA fragments move farther?

Smaller fragments

Purpose of DNA Ladder?

Size reference

Why perform gel electrophoresis after PCR?

To confirm presence/size of PCR products 

What does agarose gel do?

Separates DNA by size