Software Engineer Module 1

all

The economies of _______ developed nations are dependent on software. (some, most, or all)

theories methods tools

Software engineering is concerned with ______, _______, and _____ for professional software development.

GNP or gross national product

Expenditure on software represents a significant fraction of ______ in all developed countries

computer system

Software costs often dominate ______________ costs.

software

The costs of ________ on a PC are often greater than the hardware cost.

maintain

Software costs more to _______ than it does to develop

cost-effective

Software engineering is concerned with ________ software development

Increasing system complexity

As new software engineering techniques help us to build larger, more complex systems, the demands change. Systems have to be built and delivered more quickly; larger, even more complex systems are required; systems have to have new capabilities that were previously thought to be impossible.

Failure to use software engineering methods

It is fairly easy to write computer programs without using software engineering methods and techniques. Many companies have drifted into software development as their products and services have evolved. They do not use these in their everyday work. Consequently, their software is often more expensive and less reliable than it should be.

Software

Computer programs and associated documentation. Software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for a general market.

attributes of good software

_________ should deliver the required functionality and performance to the user and should be maintainable, dependable and usable.

software engineering

an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production.

fundamental software engineering activities

Software specification, software development, software validation and software evolution.

Computer science

it focuses on theory and fundamentals

software engineering

it is concerned with the practicalities of developing and delivering useful software

system engineering

it is concerned with all aspects of computer-based systems development including hardware, software and process engineering

60% 40%

Roughly ___% of software costs are development costs, __% are testing costs.

evolution

For custom software, ________ costs often exceed development costs

web

The ____ has led to the availability of software services and the possibility of developing highly distributed service-based systems.

Web-based

__________ systems development has led to important advances in programming languages and software reuse.

Generic Products

Stand-alone systems that are marketed and sold to any customer who wishes to buy them

Generic Products

PC software such as graphics programs, project management tools; CAD software; software for specific markets such as appointments systems for dentists. What kind of products are these?

Customized products

Software that is commissioned by a specific customer to meet their own needs

Customized products

embedded control systems, air traffic control software, traffic monitoring systems. What kind of products are these?

Generic Product

Product Specification
The specification of what the software should do is owned by the software developer and decisions on software change are made by the developer.

Customized products

Product Specification
The specification of what the software should do is owned by the customer for the software, and they make decisions on software changes that are required.

Maintainability

Essential attributes of good software
Software should be written in such a way so that it can evolve to meet the changing needs of customers. This is a critical attribute because software change is an inevitable requirement of a changing business environment.

Dependability and security

Essential attributes of good software
Software dependability includes a range of characteristics including reliability, security and safety. Dependable software should not cause physical or economic damage in the event of system failure. Malicious users should not be able to access or damage the system.

Efficiency

Essential attributes of good software
Software should not make wasteful use of system resources such as memory and processor cycles. Efficiency therefore includes responsiveness, processing time, memory utilisation, etc.

Acceptability

Essential attributes of good software
Software must be acceptable to the type of users for which it is designed. This means that it must be understandable, usable and compatible with other systems that they use.

Engineering discipline

Using appropriate theories and methods to solve problems bearing in mind organizational and financial constraints.

Software specification

where customers and engineers define the software that is to be produced and the constraints on its operation

Software development

where the software is designed and programmed

Software validation

where the software is checked to ensure that it is what the customer requires

Software evolution

where the software is modified to reflect changing customer and market requirements

Heterogeneity

Increasingly, systems are required to operate as distributed systems across networks that include different types of computer and mobile devices.

Business and social change

Business and society are changing incredibly quickly as emerging economies develop and new technologies become available. They need to be able to change their existing software and to rapidly develop new software.

security and trust

As software is intertwined with all aspects of our lives, it is essential that we can trust that software.

scale

Software has to be developed across a very wide range of scales, from very small embedded systems in portable or wearable devices through to Internet-scale, cloud-based systems that serve a global community.

universal

There are many different types of software system and there is no _______ set of software techniques that is applicable to all of these

Stand-alone applications

These are application systems that run on a local computer, such as a PC. They include all necessary functionality and do not need to be connected to a network

Interactive transaction-based applications

Applications that execute on a remote computer and are accessed by users from their own PCs or terminals. These include web applications such as e-commerce applications

Embedded control systems

These are software control systems that control and manage hardware devices. Numerically, there are probably more embedded systems than any other type of system.

Batch processing systems

These are business systems that are designed to process data in large batches. They process large numbers of individual inputs to create corresponding outputs

Entertainment systems

These are systems that are primarily for personal use and which are intended to entertain the user

Systems for modeling and simulation

These are systems that are developed by scientists and engineers to model physical processes or situations, which include many, separate, interacting objects

Data collection systems

These are systems that collect data from their environment using a set of sensors and send that data to other systems for processing

Systems of systems

These are systems that are composed of a number of other software systems

managed understood

§Systems should be developed using a ______ and _____ development process. Of course, different processes are used for different types of software.

Cloud computing

_______ is an approach to the provision of computer services where applications run remotely on the ‘cloud’.

use

Users do not buy software but pay according to _____

Web-based

______ systems are complex distributed systems but the fundamental principles of software engineering discussed previously are as applicable to them as they are to any other types of system

Software reuse

__**Web software engineering**__

It is the dominant approach for constructing web-based systems. When building these systems, you think about how you can assemble them from pre-existing software components and systems.

Incremental and agile development

__**Web software engineering**__

Web-based systems should be developed and delivered incrementally. It is now generally recognized that it is impractical to specify all the requirements for such systems in advance

Service-oriented systems

__**Web software engineering**__

where the software components are stand-alone web services

Rich Interfaces

__**Web software engineering**__

Interface development technologies such as AJAX and HTML5 have emerged that support the creation of this within a web browser.  

morally correct

__**Software engineering ethics**__

Ethical behaviour is more than simply upholding the law but involves following a set of principles that are _________.

confidentiality

__**Software engineering ethics**__

§Engineers should normally respect the ______ of their employers or clients irrespective of whether or not a formal confidentiality agreement has been signed.

competence

__**Software engineering ethics**__

Engineers should not misrepresent their level of _______. They should not knowingly accept work which is out with their blank.

intellectual property rights

__**Software engineering ethics**__

Engineers should be aware of local laws governing the use of _______, such as patents, copyright, etc. They should be careful to ensure that the rights of employers and clients are protected.

Computer misuse

__**Software engineering ethics**__

§Software engineers should not use their technical skills to misuse other people’s computers. _______ ranges from relatively trivial (game playing on an employer’s machine, say) to extremely serious (dissemination of viruses).

**ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics**

The professional societies in the US have cooperated to produce a code of ethical practice. What is the name of the code?

public

__**Eight Principles of the Code of Ethics:**__

Software engineers shall act consistently with the ____ interest.

client and employer

__**Eight Principles of the Code of Ethics:**__

Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of their _______ consistent with the public interest.

products

__**Eight Principles of the Code of Ethics:**__

Software engineers shall ensure that their ______ and related modifications meet the highest professional standards possible

judgment

__**Eight Principles of the Code of Ethics:**__

Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional _______.

management

__**Eight Principles of the Code of Ethics:**__

Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the _______ of software development and maintenance.

profession

__**Eight Principles of the Code of Ethics:**__

Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the ________ consistent with the public interest

colleagues

__**Eight Principles of the Code of Ethics:**__

Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their _______

self

__**Eight Principles of the Code of Ethics:**__

Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession

software process

A structured set of activities required to develop a \n software system

abstract

A software process model is an ______ representation of a process. It presents a description of a process from some particular perspective.

Products

__**Process descriptions**__

which are the outcomes of a process activity

roles

__**Process descriptions**__

which reflect the responsibilities of the people involved in the process

pre- and post-conditions

__**Process descriptions**__

which are statements that are true before and after a process activity has been enacted or a product produced.  

plan-driven processes

are processes where all of the process activities are planned in advance and progress is measured against this plan

agile processes

are processes where planning is incremental and it is easier to change the process to reflect changing customer requirements

Waterfall model

__**Software process models**__

Plan-driven model. Separate and distinct phases of specification and development

Incremental development

__**Software process models**__

Specification, development and validation are interleaved. May be plan-driven or agile

Integration and Configuration

__**Software process models**__

The system is assembled from existing configurable components. May be plan-driven or agile

Waterfall model

Which model has this drawback: difficulty of accommodating change after the process is underway. In principle, a phase has to be complete before moving onto the next phase.

Waterfall model

Which model has this drawback: Inflexible partitioning of the project into distinct stages makes it difficult to respond to changing customer requirements

Waterfall model

this model is only appropriate when the requirements are well-understood and changes will be fairly limited during the design process

Waterfall model

this model is mostly used for large systems engineering projects where a system is developed at several sites.

Incremental development

Which model has this benefit: The cost of accommodating changing customer requirements is reduced

Incremental development

Which model has this benefit: easier to get customer feedback on the development work that has been done

\
\*Customers can comment on demonstrations of the software and see how much has been implemented

Incremental development

Which model has this benefit: More rapid delivery and deployment of useful software to the customer is possible

\
\*Customers are able to use and gain value from the software earlier than is possible with a waterfall process.

Incremental development

Which model has this drawback: The process is not visible.

\
Managers need regular deliverables to measure progress. If systems are developed quickly, it is not cost-effective to produce documents that reflect every version of the system

Incremental development

Which model has this drawback: System structure tends to degrade as new increments are added

\
Unless time and money is spent on refactoring to improve the software, regular change tends to corrupt its structure. Incorporating further software changes becomes increasingly difficult and costly.

Integration and Configuration

This model is based on software reuse where systems are integrated from existing components or application systems (sometimes called COTS -Commercial-off-the-shelf) systems).

Stand-alone application systems

__**Types of reusable software**__

(sometimes called COTS) that are systems that are configured for use in a particular environment.

.NET or J2EE

__**Types of reusable software**__

Collections of objects that are developed as a package to be integrated with a component framework such as __or ___

web services

__**Types of reusable software**__

______ that are developed according to service standards and which are available for remote invocation