CH45: Community Ecology

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41 Terms

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community ecology

\
the study of the interactions between species in a particular geographic area or habitat. It focuses on understanding the patterns and processes that shape the structure and dynamics of ecological communities, including the relationships between species, their physical environment, and their biotic interactions.
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community
all species that live in a particular region
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habitat
specific environment in which a species live
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richness
the number of species
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species evenness
relative abundance of each species
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indirect interactions
a situation such as birds eating caterpillars which benefits the trees on which the caterpillars feed
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direct interactions
have an effect on both participants.
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commensalism
one species benefits from an interaction and the other is unaffected
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symbiosis
“living together” two species with a prolonged close association that benefits at least one of them.
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mutualism
interspecific interaction that benefits both participants
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obligate mutualism
coevolution of two species that results in a mutual dependence
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interspecific competition
competition between two species
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ecological niche
type of resources and environmental conditions/interactions required by an organism
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interference competition
one species actively prevents another from accessing some resource
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exploitative competition
competing species do not interact directly. each species reduces the amount of resource available to the other species by using the resource.
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competitive exclusion
whenever two species require the same resources to live or reproduce, the better competitor will drive the other to extinction in that habitat
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resource partitioning
an evolutionary process in which species adapt to use a shared limited resource in a way that minimizes competition
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character displacement
range of variation for one or more traits is shifted in a direction that lessens competition for a limited resource
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predation
interspecific interaction in which one species captures, kills, and eats the other
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warning coloration
a conspicuous color pattern well-defended prey have that predators learn to avoid
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mimicry
a species evolves traits that make it similar in appearance to other species
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mullerian mimicry
tendency of well-defended species to have the same coloration i.e stinging wasps and bees
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batesian mimicry
a species that lacks a defense mimics the appearance of a well-defended species
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camouflage
body shape, color pattern, or behavior that allows an individual to blend into its surroundings
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herbivory
animal feeds on plants
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parasitism
parasite benefits by feeding on the host without killing it immediately
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brood parasitism
one species benefits by another raising its offspring
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parasitoids
insects that lay their eggs in the body of other insects
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biological pest control
practice of using a pest’s natural enemies to control its numbers
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pioneer species
first to arrive in new or newly vacated habitats; species that colonize a new habitat. often mosses and lichens
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primary succession
the process that begins when pioneer species colonize a barren habitat with no soil, such as a new volcanic island or land exposed by the retreat of a glacier.
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secondary succession
a new community develops in a disturbed site where the soil that supported a previous community remains.
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intermediate disturbance hypothesis
species richness is greatest when physical and biological disturbances are moderate in intensity or frequency
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indicator species
species that are especially sensitive to environmental changes i.e. trout in a stream, frogs, lichen
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keystone species
has a disproportionately large effect on a community relative to its abundance
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exotic species
resident of an established community that became resident elsewhere
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endemic species
a species found in the region where it evolved and nowhere else
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biogeography
study of how species are distributed in the natural world
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equilibrium model of island biogeography
developed by Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson. describes a balance between immigration rates of new species and extinction rates of established species
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distance effect
islands close to a mainland have more species than those farther away
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area effect
larger islands have more species than small ones