Ch. 21 - The Immune System

Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?

-composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

-passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Which of the following is not a type of T cell?

-antigenic

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.

-bone marrow

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

-replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.

-vasodilation

The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.

-disulfide

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

-antigen

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?

-NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.

-chemotaxis

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.

-haptens

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

-chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________.

-cytotoxic cells

Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?

-pathogens in the CNS

________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections.

-Macrophages

Interferons ________.

-interfere with viral replication within cells

________ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

-Our genes

Regulatory T cells ________.

-may function in preventing autoimmune reactions

Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.

-Isografts are between identical twins.

Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?

-Antigens only come from microbes.

________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.

-Cytokines

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

-phagocytes

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

-reactivity with an antibody

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.

-producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

Graft rejection may be caused by ________.

-using a xenograft

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.

-natural killer cells

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.

-opsonization

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?

-It is specific for a given organ.

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.

-juvenile diabetes

Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

-allergic contact dermatitis

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

-phagocytosis

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?

-Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.

Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.

-mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

Fever ________.

-production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

Immunocompetence ________.

-is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self."

-Tolerance is developed during fetal life.

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.

-Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.

Cytotoxic T cells ________.

-are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells

Helper T cells ________.

-function in the adaptive immune system activation

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.

-The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.

Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?

-They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.

Delayed hypersensitivities ________.

-include allergic contact dermatitis

Natural killer (NK) cells ________.

-can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

Select the correct statement about antigens.

-One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

Clonal selection of B cells ________.

-results in the formation of plasma cells

The primary immune response ________.

-has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.

-Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.

Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?

-helper T cell

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?

-type II diabetes

Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

-a second exposure to an allergen

Select the correct statement about complement.

-An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.

Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit?

-IgM contains 10 binding sites.

Antibody functions include all of the following except ________.

-cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

Which statement is true about T cells?

-Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ________ to attract white blood cells to the scene.

-cytokines

Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?

-activating cytokines

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

-protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

-After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.