Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts from lecture notes.

Prefrontal Cortex

Helps manage and control emotional responses and allows adaptation to different situations

Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

Area of the brain linked to indifference syndrome, major depression, mania, and pathological laughing.

Frontal Lobotomy

Severing connections between the prefrontal cortex and limbic system, historically used to treat psychiatric conditions but has significant and damaging effects on behavior, personality, and cognition.

Endocrine Changes in Paratroopers During Training

Increased cortisol, increased adrenaline and noradrenaline, decreased testosterone, and alterations in GH and prolactin.

Endocrine Effects of Riding a Crowded Train or an Exam

Cortisol, adrenaline/noradrenaline, testosterone, prolactin, and Glucose

Effect of Exam Period on the Immune System

Exams can weaken the immune system by cortisol suppression of cell function, making students more susceptible to illness and fatigue.

Brain Activator Systems

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) and Noradrenergic system

Apraxia

Disorder of inability to perform purposeful movements or tasks despite having the ability, caused by the brain's inability to plan and execute voluntary movements

Dyskinesia

Condition of involuntary, uncontrolled movements of the body caused by Parkinson's, medications, genetics, disease, stroke, or brain injury.

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM)

Can recall past experiences with remarkable detail, associated with increased gray matter in temporal and parietal lobes and larger fiber projections between frontal and temporal lobes.

Brain Regions Damaged in H.M. and K.C.

HM: Bilateral temporal lobes; KC: Bilateral damage to hippocampus and damage to frontal and parietal lobes; JK: Unknown from notes.

Neural Circuit for Episodic Memory

Hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex.

Neural Circuit for Implicit Memory

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor/sensory cortex.

Neural Circuit for Emotional Memory

Amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex.

Impact of Frontal Lobe Damage on Attention

Difficulty maintaining attention, problems shifting attention, increased distractibility, impaired decision making, disorganized behavior.

Impact of Parietal Lobe Damage on Attention

Difficulty disengaging attention, problems with visual search, impaired awareness of body or space.

Corpus Callosotomy

Procedure where the corpus callosum (fibers connecting right and left hemispheres) is cut.

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia results from excess synaptic dopamine or increased dopamine receptors.

Neurochemical and Neuroanatomical Changes in Depression

Low serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, low GABA; decreased prefrontal cortex and hippocampal volume, hyperactive amygdala.

Neurochemical and Neuroanatomical Changes in Anxiety Disorders

Low GABA, serotonin dysregulation, and high norepinephrine; hyperactive amygdala, underactive prefrontal cortex, dysregulated hippocampus.

What Happens to the brain during Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

Primary damage like contusions and secondary damage like inflammation; cognitive impairments, emotional changes, and physical disability.

What Happens to the brain during Stroke?

Clots or loss of blood flow, hemorrhage, swelling, inflammation; paralysis, speech and language issues, cognitive decline, and emotional effects.

What Happens to the brain during Alzheimer’s Disease?

Neurofibrillary tangles, neurotransmitter deficiencies; memory loss, cognitive decline, confusion, language difficulties, emotional disturbances.