CAD chapter 2 quiz

genetics

T/F - we wean early and mature late

true

what are the genetic material from our parents that determines our traits?

genes

what studies how much nature and nurture contribute to behavior?

behavioral genetics

what is the stat that measures how much of a complex trait is due to genetic factors

heredity estimate

who studies plants to figure out how heredity and genes work?

Mendel

traits are transmitted by \______

genes

genes produce variety from \________

alleles

who proposed that each parent contributes 1/2 of genes for each child?

Mendel

what are the two types of genes?

dominant and recessive

what is your phenotype?

your observable characteristics

what is your genotype?

your genetic makeup

what is a dominant allele?

one that masks the influence of the other

when is a recessive allele expressed?

when both alleles are recessive

DNA?

deoxyribonucleic acid

who FIRST discovered DNA?

Frederich Meischer(1860s)

Who is coined for discovering DNA in 1953?

Watson and Crick

how many chemical bases does DNA have?

4 (ATGC)

what is the "unzipping" of DNA called?

RNA synthesis

what are the four bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

What are the separate segments of a DNA molecule?

genes

how many chromosomes do we have? how many pairs?

46, 23

what are gametes?

sex cells with genetic info

what are autosomes?

first 22 pairs of chromosomes

what pair number is the sex chromosome?

23rd pair (XX females and XY males)

what is a karyotype?

pictorial chromosomal display (picture of all 23 pairs of chromosomes lined up)

what is it called when the red and white flower form a pink flower?

partial dominance

what is it called when each combination of alleles results in a different phenotype?

codominance (ex: blood type)

what is it called when traits are determined by many different genes?

polygenetic inheritance (ex: eyes)

Are X-linked traits more common in women or men?

men

give an example of an x linked trait (mutation on the x chromosome)

color blindness

what is it called when the expression of a trait is influenced by hormone levels?

sex-influenced inheritance (ex: baldness)

what are mutations?

changes in the genetic code

what is caused by mitochondrial DNA and is related to blindness and seizures?

extranuclear inheritance

what are the three goals of the human genome project (1990-2003)?

to sequence the 3 billion bases that make up DNA, to make data available to the public, to address the social, ethical, and legal issues that arose from the project

what are some issues with the human genome project?

cloning (people cloned and ostracized), customizing babies, cloning organs

what are monozygotic twins?

identical twins

what are conjoined twins?

siamese twins

twins that are genetically SIMILAR

fraternal twins

T/F - genes and environment work together in development

true

T/F - environment refers to all genetic influences

false (non-genetic)

T/F - heredity is inevitable

false

what is a birth defect that causes phenylalanine to build up which causes intellectual loss and and can be controlled with a diet?

PKU (phenylketonuria)

what can affect mental health and physical traits, but not genetic traits?

environment

T/F - genes set upper and lower limits for a trait?

true

what is the warrior gene?

an aggressive survival gene that causes people to respond with violence very easily

what is it called when traits develop normally despite the environment?

canalization

development is best understood as ...

a series of complex interactions between genetics and the environment

what is the dynamic systems perspective?

recognizes the ebb and flow of development

what type of correlation is when parents share the same environment and genes as the children?

passive

what type of correlation is when children with different genetic makeups elicit different reaction from their environment? (blended fam and adoption)

reactive

what type of correlation is when people select the environments consistent with their genetic preferences?

active

what studies the relationship between changes in the brain and a child's developing cognitive process and genetic preferences? (the brain has to function well enough for us to be able to function properly)

developmental cognitive neuroscience

what studies the relationship between changes in the brain and a child's emotional and social development?

developmental social neuroscience

what are the 2 types of cells in brain development?

glial (nourish, protect), neurons (building blocks)

what is the forming of the neural tube called?

neurulation

what is the formation of new neurons called?

neurogenesis (mostly in womb)

what is the organization of the brain cells called where the cells have tags of where to go?

neural migration

what are the environmental insults that can affect fetal development called?

carcinogens (cigarettes, sun exposure)

what is the process of developing interconnections (synapses) between neurons called?

synaptogenesis

what is the elimination of unnecessary synaptic connections called?

synaptic pruning (neural darwinism)

what is the brains ability to change with experience called?

neural plasticity

what is the brains process of forming a myelin coating around neurons called?

myelination (aids in conduction)

T/F - race is fluid - changes over time

true

T/F - studying ethnic groups shows how the environment affects development

true

what is your overall status (work, home, income) called?

socioeconomic status (SES)

T/F - your socioeconomic status has nothing to do with your developmental problems

false

what values considers independence, unique solutions to problems, and personal happiness?

individualistic values

what values considers the welfare of the group, interdependence, and harmony?

collectivistic values

what is the belief that ones cultures and opinions are better than other cultures?

ethnocentrism

T/F - many traits are determined by multiple genes

true

what type of traits arise with a particular combo of genes?

emergenic traits (attached or unattached ear lobes, inny or outy belly button)