Biomolecules

macromolecules

polymers built from monomers

examples: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

dehydration reaction

two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecules

polymerization

hydrolysis

disassembles polymers by adding water molecules

depolymerization

carbohydrates

O:H = 2:1

Cn(H2O)n

Saccharide — from greek word “sakcharon” meaning sugar

monosaccharide

1 sugar unit with the basic formula (CH2O)n

major cellular nutrient

aldose = carbonyl in the tail, ketose = in the middle

ribose

5C aldose that forms part of the backbone of nucleic acid

glucose

6C aldose main component of photosynthesis

fructose

6C ketose and bonded to glucose

galactose

6C aldose

disaccharide

2 sugar units connected to a glycosidic linkage

dehydration joins 2 monosaccharide

energy source and dietary and sweetener

sucrose

glucose + fructose

lactose

glucose + galactose

maltose

glucose + glucose

polysaccharide

polymers of sugar

linked by glycosidic bonds

storage and structure

starch

example fo polysaccharide

plant storage and glucose polymer

glycogen

animal storage

mainly in the liver and muscle cells

plant cell wall, glucose polymer

glycosidic is different

alpha

helical

beta

straight

chitin

found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

lipids

glycerol + fatty acids

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

3 fatty acids called triacylglycerol/triglyceride

saturated fatty acid

solid at room temperature

max hydrogen and no double bond

unsaturated fatty acid

liquid at room temperature

also called oils

1 or more double bonds

phospholipid

2 fatty acids + phosphate group

fa tail = hydrophobic, phosphate head = hydrophilic

major component of cell membranes

phosphatidylethonalamine

2nd most abundant

key building blocks

phosphatidylserine

affinity of proteins

most concentrated

phosphatidylcholine

liver and brain

neurotransmitter of acetylcholine

phosphatidylinositol

in tissues

messenger

phosphatidylsphyngomyelin

outer of cell membranes

signal transaction

steroid

has 4 rings

cholesterol

protein

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and defense

fold = function

primary

blueprint; control protein fold

secondary

stability and framework

tertiary

3D shape; protein interaction

enzyme

acts as a catalyst

reuseable

end in “ase”

polypeptide

unbranched polymers built from the same set of amino acids

polymers of amino acid

amino acid

carbonyl + amino group

differ in side chains / R groups

linked by peptide bonds

nucleic acid

store and contain genes

pair by hydrogen bonds

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acid

nucleoside + phosphate group

nucleoside

nitrogenous base + sugar

pyrimidines

C, U, and T; single six-membered rings (PCUT)

purines

A, G; single six-membered rings fused to five-membered rings; PUAG

ribonucleic acid (rna)

messenger and synthesizer of proteins

C, G, A, U

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)

hereditary material in humans

C, G, A, T

enzyme-substrate complex

lock & key

induced fit

enzyme adjusts to fit substrate

active site

the part of enzymes where the substrate binds to

competitive

substrate compete with a normal substrate

non-competitive

substrate bind to other parts of the enzyme to change its shape

uncompetitive

bind to enzyme-substrate complex