Learn: Ch1 organic body

What is anatomy?

The study of the structure of the human body.

What is gross anatomy?

The study of body parts visible to the naked eye.

What is microscopic anatomy?

The study of structures that require magnification, including cells and tissues.

What is cytology?

The study of cells.

What is histology?

The study of tissues.

What is physiology?

The study of the functions of body structures.

What is the scientific method?

A logical inquiry based on experimentation.

What is a hypothesis?

A statement used as a proposed explanation for a scientific problem.

What are experiments?

A series of controlled tests of a hypothesis.

What is a theory?

A hypothesis that has gained a high level of confidence.

What is Terminologia Anatomica (TA)?

The official list of gross anatomical terms.

What is Terminologia Histologica (TH)?

The official list of microscopic anatomical terms.

What is responsiveness?

The ability to sense, monitor, and respond to changes in the external environment.

What is conductivity?

The ability of specific cells to produce a chemical or electrical wave of excitation and conduct this wave from one point to another.

What is growth?

A normal outcome of cell division that results in an increase in body size until adulthood is reached.

What is respiration?

The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen, as well as the physical and chemical processes involved in the absorption, transport, use, and exchange of these gases.

What is circulation?

The movement of body fluids and other substances from one body area to another.

What is digestion?

The process through which complex food products are broken down into simpler substances that can be absorbed and utilized by individual body cells.

What is absorption?

The movement of nutrients from the digestive tract into body fluids for transport to the body's cells.

What is secretion?

The production and delivery of special substances, such as digestive fluids and hormones, for diverse body functions.

What is excretion?

The removal of waste products.

What is reproduction?

The formation of new offspring.

What are elements?

Chemical building blocks.

What are molecules?

Atoms that have bonded together.

What are macromolecules?

Molecules that have combined in specific ways.

What are organelles?

"Tiny organs" formed from macromolecules.

What are cells?

The foundation and basic building blocks of the body.

What are tissues?

Groups of many related cells that develop together and perform certain functions.

What are organs?

Structures made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged to perform specific functions.

What are organ systems?

The most complex of the organizational units of the body.

What is an organism?

An integrated assemblage of interactive and self-regulating structures, or organ systems.

What are the levels of structural organization?

Elements → molecules → macromolecules → organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.

What are the smallest living units that make up the body's structure?

Cells.

What is anatomical position?

The standard position used as a reference point of view for describing the body.

How is the body positioned in anatomical position?

Standing upright with the arms at the sides, feet and head facing forward, and palms facing forward.

What is bilateral symmetry?

The external right and left sides of the body are roughly mirror images of one another.

Why is bilateral symmetry important?

It is useful when describing injuries to external parts of the body.

What are the two major divisions of the body cavities?

Ventral and dorsal cavities.

What does the ventral body cavity include?

The thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

The right and left pleural cavities and a middle portion called the mediastinum.

What is the mediastinum?

The middle portion of the thoracic cavity between the right and left pleural cavities.

What does the abdominopelvic cavity include?

The upper abdominal cavity and the lower pelvic cavity.

What does the dorsal body cavity include?

The cranial and spinal cavities.

What is the cranial cavity?

The cavity within the skull that houses the brain.

What is the spinal cavity?

The cavity within the spinal column that houses the spinal cord.

What are the two major divisions of the body?

Axial and appendicular.

What does the axial portion of the body contain?

The head, neck, and trunk.

What does the appendicular portion of the body contain?

The arms and legs.

How many abdominopelvic regions are there?

Nine.

How many abdominopelvic quadrants are there?

Four.

What are abdominopelvic regions?

A grid of nine imaginary regions used to describe locations within the abdominopelvic cavity.

What are abdominopelvic quadrants?

Four divisions of the abdomen used to describe the location of structures or conditions.

What does superior mean?

Upper or above.

What does inferior mean?

Lower or below.

What does anterior mean?

Front or in front of.

What does posterior mean?

Back or in back of.

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body.

What does lateral mean?

Toward the side of the body.

What does proximal mean?

Toward or closer to the trunk or the base of an appendage.

What does distal mean?

Farther away from the trunk or the base of an appendage.

What does superficial mean?

Nearer the surface.

What does deep mean?

Farther away from the body surface.

What is the lumen?

The hollow, often fluid-filled interior of an organ.

What does central mean?

Near the center or middle.

What does peripheral mean?

Near the surface or outside of.

What does medullary mean?

Referring to the inner region of an organ.

What does cortical mean?

Referring to the outer region or layer of an organ.

What does basal mean?

The base or widest part of an organ.

What does apical mean?

The narrower tip of an organ.

What is a sagittal plane?

A lengthwise plane running from front to back that divides the body into right and left sides.

What is a coronal plane?

A plane that divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions.

What is another name for the coronal plane?

Frontal plane.

Does a coronal plane necessarily divide the body into equal portions?

No. The anterior and posterior portions are not necessarily equal.

What is a transverse plane?

A horizontal plane that divides the body or one of its parts into upper and lower portions.

What is another name for the transverse plane?

Horizontal plane.

What is the difference between a sagittal and transverse plane?

A sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions, while a transverse plane divides it into upper and lower portions.

What is the difference between a sagittal and coronal plane?

A sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions, while a coronal plane divides it into anterior and posterior portions.

What is the relationship between structure and function?

Understanding the relationship helps integrate otherwise isolated facts into a cohesive picture of the human body.

What is homeostasis?

Relatively constant internal states maintained by the human body.

Why is homeostasis important?

It helps maintain relatively constant internal conditions.

What are the basic components of a feedback control loop?

Sensor, integrator, effector, and feedback.

What is a sensor in a feedback control loop?

A component that detects a change.

What is an integrator in a feedback control loop?

A component involved in processing or integrating information from the sensor.

What is an effector in a feedback control loop?

A component that carries out a response.

What is feedback?

Information involved in regulating a response in a control system.

What is negative feedback?

A control mechanism that produces an action opposite to the change that activated the system.

What is the purpose of negative feedback?

To stabilize physiological variables and prevent them from straying too far from their normal ranges.

Does negative feedback oppose or amplify a change?

It opposes the change.

What is positive feedback?

A control mechanism that amplifies a change taking place in the body.

Does positive feedback maintain a stable homeostatic condition?

No. It amplifies the change rather than opposing it.

What is an example of positive feedback?

Childbirth.

What is the key difference between negative and positive feedback?

Negative feedback opposes the initiating change, whereas positive feedback amplifies the initiating change.

What are intracellular controls?

Controls that operate at the cell level through genes, enzymes, and regulatory proteins.

What are intrinsic controls?

Controls that operate at the tissue and organ levels.

What are extrinsic controls?

Controls involving the nervous and endocrine (hormonal) systems.

What are the three levels of homeostatic control described in the slides?

Intracellular controls, intrinsic controls, and extrinsic controls.

At what level do intracellular controls operate?

At the cell level.

What mechanisms are involved in intracellular controls?

Genes, enzymes, and regulatory proteins.

At what level do intrinsic controls operate?

At the tissue and organ levels.

Which major systems are involved in extrinsic controls?

The nervous and endocrine (hormonal) systems.