NSG 548 Quiz 2 Study Guide: Child Development Topics

What are the recommended sleep hours for preschoolers aged 3-5?

10 to 13 hours (including naps)

What sleep duration is recommended for school-age children aged 6-10?

9 to 12 hours of sleep

How many hours of sleep should adolescents aged 11-21 get?

At least 8 hours of sleep

What is role modeling in child development?

Setting an example for the child to repeat.

How does role modeling assist in a child's development?

It shows how the parent interacts, helping the child learn appropriate behaviors.

What is the importance of normal physical activity in children?

It prevents childhood obesity.

How much physical activity do toddlers aged 1-3 need daily?

At least 3 hours per day, with 30 minutes directed by an adult.

What is the recommended daily physical activity for preschoolers aged 3-5?

At least 2 hours per day, with some outdoor activity and 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity.

What vaccines are given to newborns within the first 28 days?

Hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of life.

What vaccines are administered to infants aged 28 days to 1 year?

Hep B (2nd), DTaP, Poliovirus, Influenza, Rotavirus, MMR, Varicella, Hep A.

What vaccines are recommended for toddlers aged 1-3?

Influenza annually.

What vaccines are given to preschoolers aged 3-6?

Influenza annually, DTaP (5th), Inactivated polio, MMR, and varicella.

What vaccines are administered to school-age children aged 6-12?

At ages 4-6: DTaP, IPV, MMR, and Varicella; at ages 11-12: Tdap, HPV, Meningococcal, and flu vaccine annually.

What is the significance of the amygdala in adolescent brain development?

It matures before the frontal lobe, affecting impulse control and risk-taking behavior.

What are the developmental goals for newborns?

Hit all milestones: gross motor skills (reflex movement, head turning), fine motor skills (palmar grasp), language (crying, recognizing voice), and social (eye contact, calming when held).

How can developmental goals be assessed in infants?

Using ages and stages and parent evaluations.

What is the focus of developmental assessments in preschoolers?

To ensure progression through milestones and identify early developmental delays.

How are developmental goals assessed in school-age children?

By assessing the patient and considering parents' concerns.

What are the characteristics of early adolescents (11-14 years) in developmental assessments?

Attention shifts to the teenager to answer questions.

What hormone increases during adolescence and affects social behavior?

Oxytocin.

What role does testosterone play during puberty in boys?

It stimulates the production of deeper voice and secondary sex characteristics.

What changes occur due to increased estrogen during early prepubescence?

Increased density of the endometrial lining and onset of the first menstruation.

What are the secondary sex characteristics influenced by hormones in females?

They help redistribute body fat and develop hips.

What could absent or decreased femoral pulses indicate?

Coarctation of the aorta.

What does the CRAFFT screening tool assess in children?

It screens for tobacco, alcohol, and drug use.

What does the PHQ-9 assess in children starting at age 12?

It screens for depression.

How often should newborns be breastfed?

8-12 times a day.

What vitamin supplementation is recommended for newborns?

400 units of vitamin D.

What is the breastfeeding recommendation for infants until 6 months of age?

Exclusive breastfeeding.

When can solid foods be introduced to an infant's diet?

After 6 months of age.

Why should cow's milk be avoided until after 1 year?

Due to low iron content and its ability to block iron absorption.

What is the recommended breastfeeding duration for toddlers?

At least 12 months.

What dietary practices should be avoided for toddlers to prevent dental carries?

Avoid juice cups or sippys in bed.

What is the recommended meal and snack frequency for toddlers?

3 full meals and 2 snacks.

What should be supplemented for toddlers if they refuse vegetables?

Vitamin A through sweet potatoes or vegetable juice.

What dietary components should preschoolers consume?

A nutrient-rich diet including whole grains, lean meats, vegetables, and fruits.

How does a high-fiber diet benefit preschoolers?

It decreases the risk for obesity.

What is the purpose of the OAE test in newborns?

To transmit sound waves and record the reaction of the tympanic membrane.

How is hearing evaluated in infants?

By comparing baseline and language development.

What tests can be used to evaluate hearing in toddlers?

The whisper test, Weber test, or Rinne test.

What age group should undergo scoliosis screening?

Children ages 10 to 18 years.

What are abnormal findings in scoliosis screening?

Bowel and bladder incontinence, pain, or weakness.

What is normal bone growth in children characterized by?

Continuous lengthening and thickening at growth plates until they harden.

What are important components of concussion assessment history?

History of injury, confusion, disorientation, loss of consciousness, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, dizziness, headaches, neck pain.

What is croup, and what are its risk factors?

An upper airway inflammatory condition; risk factors include age 3 months to 3 years and male gender.

What are the symptoms of croup?

Nasal congestion, barking cough, inspiratory stridor, symptoms subside in the morning.

What is the treatment for moderate to severe croup?

Racemic epinephrine and discharge if no stridor or retractions are present.

How long can bed bugs live, and what are their clinical findings?

They can live for 6 to 12 months; bites appear as small, red, raised bumps, often clustered or in a line.

What are some subjective findings associated with autism in children aged 6-12 months?

Decreased response to name, gaze to faces, shared smiles, decreased vocalizations to others, and fixation on particular objects.

What is a key subjective finding of autism at 12 months?

Lack of orientation to name.

What is a significant subjective finding of autism at 14 months?

Lack of pointing to an object of interest.

What are some behavioral signs of autism between 12-24 months?

Decreased sharing of experiences, repetitive behavior, and delayed receptive or expressive behavior.

What are other red flags for autism?

Intolerance to change, avoidance of eye contact, and preference for being alone.

What are some subjective signs of child abuse?

Inconsistent stories and delay in seeking care, along with multiple injuries.

What are objective signs of child abuse?

Bruising mainly in the head and neck (hand-shaped), injuries in non-ambulatory children, abrasions, lacerations, burns, bites, signs of nutritional deficiencies, poor hygiene, and periodontal disease.

What are subjective findings of lead poisoning in children?

Not meeting developmental milestones and neurobehavioral abnormalities.

What are some objective findings associated with lead poisoning?

Lethargy, language difficulty, lead line along gum line with severe prolonged lead exposure, and abdominal pain.

What is congenital laryngomalacia and its effect?

A condition where the laryngeal structure is weaker than normal, collapsing on inspiration and causing stridor.

What are some differential diagnoses associated with stridor?

Upper airway foreign body, subglottic stenosis, vascular ring, vocal cord paralysis, and hemangioma.

What are common subjective findings in children with asthma?

Wheezing with upper respiratory infections, increased coughing or wheezing with environmental triggers, and difficulty keeping up with peers.

What are objective findings in a child with asthma?

Transverse nasal crease (allergic salute), frequent cough, tachypnea with accessory muscle use, and expiratory wheezing.

What is the immediate treatment for asthma symptoms in children?

A short-acting beta agonist (SABA) and low-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).

What should be done if a child experiences asthma symptoms that wake them up at night?

Start on step 3 or 4 treatment, which includes medium-dose ICS and long-acting beta agonist (LABA) and refer to a specialist.

What are the risk factors for fractures in children?

Male sex, lack of proper nutrition, lack of weight-bearing activities, obesity, and high levels of anxiety.

What is a sprain and how does it occur?

A sprain occurs when a ligament is forced, resulting in a stretch or rupture, commonly from an outside force.

What are the risk factors for sprains in children?

Participation in sports, running, throwing, jumping, not warming up properly, and use of anabolic steroids.

What should providers know about severe acute asthma exacerbation?

It is a life-threatening situation that requires immediate recognition and referral.

What chapters should be reviewed for information on lead poisoning and nutritional assessment?

Chapters 30 and 41 for lead poisoning, and Chapter 27 for nutritional issues.

What should be known about vaccines administered during childhood?

Basic information regarding administration, side effects, and contraindications, rather than memorizing the schedule.

What is the significance of the Bright Futures link mentioned in the notes?

It provides additional resources and sections relevant to the study material.