Period 8 & 9- heimler

cold war

a state of hostility that exist between two opposing governments chiefly characterized by an idelogical struggle rather than open warfare

United states

• democratic capitalism

  • free market economics

  • political participation from citizens

soviet union

• authoritarian communism

  • strict government control of economy

  • redistribution of wealth equally

  • citizens have no voice in government

universal ideology

want their ideology spread everyone, spread of one ideology threatens the other ideology

cold war cause

1. russian revolution- transform communist state

   1. refuse to recognize new state

   2. Red Scare- remove communists from American population

2. Disagree of future of germany and eastern european countries

   1. liberated from german control to russian control and act as buffer zone, america want them to be independent + democratic (truman)

   2. stalin don’t want free elections, american had done the same thing to latin america

3. Nuclear weapons

   1. Us kept technology from soviet- mistrust

cold war policies

containment- George Kennan-

• intend to expand communism through world, need resistance

• no free population would willingly adopt communism

• US must help rebuild western europe

→ Truman doctrine- us provide military and economic aid to any democratic country threatened by communism

idea → policy

result of cold war policies

1. NATO

2. Marshall Plan- international aid

3. Berlin Airlift

4. Proxy War

NATO

• military alliance between US and eleven western european democracies for collective security

• soviet union respond with rival military alliance- warsaw pact

Marshall Plan

• provide loan to rebuild western europe, revive economics

• expectation:

  • prevent communism

  • indebted to US, moldable to policies favorable for US

Berlin Airlift

• keep Germany weak so no threat to Soviet

• US want Germany to recover its econ. & political strength

• west germany- recovered economically & redeveloping industrial capacity

• east- remain poor & underdeveloped

  • same with berlin- many fled

  • stalin blockade berlin

  • US drop many supply to Berlin people

Proxy War

• arms race between US and soviet union

• hydrogen bombs- great destruction

• rival countries backed groups who aligned with their ideologies

• Korean War

  • USSR support north- communism

  • US support south- anti-communist

  • 38th parallel

  • Truman didn’t asked congress for declaration for war- expand executive power- bypass congress for troops

  • ended in stalemate

tensions & detente (peace)

1. Korean/ vietname war

2. Cuban Missile crisis

   1. JFK

   2. US discovered Soviet missile sites being built in Cuba

3. Richard Nixon sign Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, limit nuclear weapons use

First Red Scare

• russian revolution transformed russia into communist state

  • gov. led program to suppress dissent and disloyalty

  • palmer raids

Second Red Scare

• entire eradication of communism

• containment

red scare Policies

1. Federal employees

   1. Executive order 9835

      1. Federal Employee loyalty program- investigation of federal employees for communists

      2. all sectors of society

   2. Eisenhower executive order

      1. target gay and lesbian employees

      2. lavender scare- vulnerable to communist beliefs

   3. Hollywood- public opinion

      1. House Un-american activies Committtee (HUAC)

      2. Hollywood Ten- refuse to cooperate, blacklist

McCarthyism

• Joseph McCarthy- Rep senator

• “knew” communist employees

• investigate and had no evidence for his claims

• attack head of investigation

• play on cold war fears and center their attention of them, accuse investigators “soft on communism”- scare of accusations

economic growth causes

1. growing private sector

2. federal government spending

Growing private sector

Federal Gov. spending

1. GI Bill- help returning veterans financially for education- college & home loans- rise of suburban

2. Federal Aid Highway Act- Eisenhower, construction of highway- growth and productivity of industries, depend on automobile, connect urban to suburban

effect of prosperity

1. growth of population- baby boom, rising wages able support more children, vaccine- prevent disease, more baby survive childhood

2. suburbanization

   1. levittown- migration of middle class families

   2. led to spending on home appliances- rise on economy

   3. redlining- bank refuse to lend to certain people

Sunbelt migration

• warmer climate

• air conditioning technology

• increase mobility- autobile, interstate highway system

• defense industry created jobs

• redistribute political/economical power form north

mass culture

1. radio and television- national culture

2. television- homogenous mass culture, age of conformity

3. religion- righteous christians, anti-communists

challenges to conformity

1. artists/poets/writers- drugs and alcohol, travel- emotions to rebel

2. Intellectuals- good in faith in corporatism, created wealth as expense of public goods- schools, libraries. citizens mass consumption

3. Homosexuals- advocate for gay and lesbian rights

4. Teenagers- high school attendance increase after WWII, rock n roll music

civil right success

• 13th- abolish slavery

• 14th- protect citizens of civil rights by state government

• 15- recognize black men to vote

• civil rights act- black access to public facilities, transportation, jury service

progress undone

• sharecropping

• civil rights act unconstitutional

• jim crow laws

  • disenfranchised black voters, poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clause

• plessy v ferguson- “separate but equal”

• black lynching

Judicial response

• NAACP- in order for black americans to have reasonable change to enter higher education, primary education must be desegregated

• seperate but equal violated 14th amendment for equal protection

• brown v board education- declare school segregation unconstitutional, overturn plessy v ferguson

• slow pace

vietnam war causes

1. containment policy-prevent spread of communism

2. global decolonization- colonized nations for/ negotiated independence post WWII from formal imperial rulers, many want to bring into own sphere of influence

3. north vietnam- communist, support by USSR/China

4. south vietnam- anti-communist, US support

   1. both want to unite under their idea of gov.

domino theory

if communists gain control of one regime than they would gain control others

fightin in vietname

1. escalation

   1. eisenhower- sent military advisors, aid- land reform and stabilize government

   2. jfk

      1. sent more military advisors

      2. authorized coup to overthrow diem, install military gov.

   3. lyndon johnson

      1. refused to end conlifct and appear “soft on communism”

Gulf of Tonkin

• US ship reported attacked by North Vietnamese, could be fabricated

• Used by johnson to pass Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- president power of US military invovlement in Vietnam

richard nixon vietname\

• began with de-escalation but eventually escalate

• Tet offensive- suprise attack of N. vietnamese

• vietnamization- removal of US troops by transferring reponsibility to south vietnamese

• pentagon papers- documents proving kennedy, johnson, and nixon lied to public about war- credibility gap

vietnam war effects

• executive power

  • Truman bypass congress for korean war

  • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

  • power for war put in congress, not made by one single person, decision by people and representatives

• War Powers Resolution

  • limited presidential power in making war

  • require president consult congress with 48 hr of troop deployment

american poverty

• wealth concentrated in growing middle class

• 1/5 were improvished

• JFK-New Frontier- extent of New deal- aim to eliminate povery & disease

The Great Society

• Lyndon B Johnson vison for america- aim to eliminate poverty and racial discrimination

racial inequality programs

• civil rights act- end of legal discrimination and racial segregation

• voting rights act- discrimination at voting booth illegal, gave congress right to oversee elections in southern states

poverty programs

• services to impoverished americans

• job corps: free education, vocational training to young adults

• head start: provide low income children with free preschool & nutritional support

• without intervention would be passed from parent to children

• medicare: healthcare cost over age of 65

• medicaid: healthcare for kids

• immigration and National Act: abolished immigration quotas from certain countries