respiratory

Respiratory system function 1

provides extensive surface area for gas exchange between the air and blood (aveoli)

respiratory system function 2

moves air to and from the exchange surfaces via respiratory passageways

respiratory system function 3

protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temp changes, and pathogens

respiratory system function 4

produces sounds involved in speaking, singing, etc

respiratory system functions 5

facilitate the detection of olfactory stimuli with the help of sensory receptors in the nasal cavity.

(helps detect smell using special receptors in the nose)

structurally the components of the respiratory system in divided into 2 parts

1. upper respiratory

2. lower respiratory

functionally the respiratory system is devided into 2 zones

1. conducting zone

2. respiratory zone

upper respiratory system consists of..

1.nose

2.nasal cavity

3. paranasal sinuses

4. pharynx

what does the upper respiratory system do?

1.filers

2. warms

3. humidifies (to protect delicate tissues of the lower respiratory system)

external framework of the nose

external portion made of cartilage and the skin is lined with a mucous membrane

internal anatomy of nose

bony framework of nose is formed by the frontal, nasal and maxillary bone

anatomy of nose

1.root

2.bridge

3.apex

4.external nares

pharynx

passageway for air and food, provides chamber that helps produce speech, houses tonsils (participate in immunological reactions)

larynx

voice box, connects the pharynx and trachea, contains vocal folds which produce sound when vibrating.

trachea

extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi

The pathway of bronchi before reaching the lung

1.the superior border of the 5th thoracic vertebrea

2.the trachea branches into the right main bronchus

3. enters the rights lung and the left main bronchus enters the left lung

bronchi after entering the lungs

1.trachea

main bronchi

lobar bronchi

segmental bronchi

bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

lungs

enclosed and protected by the pleural membrane

structure of alveoli

-conducting zones end at terminal bornchioles, respiratory zone begins

-the respiratory zone ends at the alveoli where gas exchange occurs

Aveolar type 1 cell

-attenuated, line surface of lungs

-covers 97%

-thin for gas exchange

-barrier of minimal thickness that is permeable to gases

aveolar type 2 cells

-septa cells produce surfactant (oily secretion that reduces the surface tension in the alveolar fluid)

-keeps alveoli open

-alveoli would collapse without it

Respiratory membrane composed of

-layer of type 1 and 2 aveolar cells and macrophages

-epithelial basement

-capillary basement (fused to epithelial basement membrane)

-capillary endothelium

stages of blood entering lung

-blood enters via pulmonary arteries and bronchial arteries

-blood exits via pulmonary veins and bronchial viens

-Ventilation-perfusion coupling (vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia causes blood to divert from poorly ventilated areas to well-ventilated regions of the lung.)

what is respiration

exvhange of gases between the atomosphere, blood, and cells

three steps for respiration to occur

ventilation, external (pulmonary) respiration, internal (tissue) respiration

how does the cardiovascular system assist the respiratory system

transporting gas

what is pulmonary ventilation

air flow between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs because of alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles.

what is inhalation

active respiration

waht is exhalation

passive respiration

boyles law

pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation are governed by the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas, stating that pressure decreases as volume increases and vice versa.

surface tension

inwardly direction force in the alveoli which must be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration

elastic recoil

decrease the size of alveoli during expiration

compliance

ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded

eupnea

quiet breahting

apnea

suspension of active breathing

dyspnea

shortness of breath

trachypnea

abnormally rapid breathing

costal breathing

mostly costal muscles

diaphragmatic breathing

mostly diaphragm muscles

Daltons law

each gas is a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present

henrys law

the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in the liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when the temperature remains constant

where will oxygen diffuse from and into during external respiration

from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries

where will oxygen diffuse from and into during external respiration

from the systemic capillaries into the tissue

transport of o2 in the blood

1.5% of the o2 is dissolved in plasma

98.5% of o2 is carried by hemoglobin

transport of co2 in the blood

• 7% of the CO₂ is dissolved in the plasma

• 23% of the CO₂ is carried by Hb inside red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin 

• 70% of the CO₂ is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃) 

factors affecting the affinity of Hb for O2

• PO₂

• pH

• Temperature

• BPG

• Type of Hb

how can the body adapt to changes in gas exchange

-modify blood flow

-changing the depth and rate of breathing

cortical influence

allows consistant control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gas or water

chemoreceptors

central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of oz and co2 and provide input to the respiratory center