unit 8 mega list

French Policy of Coercion

Strict enforcement of Treaty of Versailles; occupation of Ruhr by Allies.

Ruhr Occupation

France and Belgium occupied German industrial region to force reparations.

Reparations Commission

Allied body enforcing Germany’s payments.

Impact of Coercion Policy

Increased German anger and economic collapse.

Hopeful Years

Time period 1924–1929 of recovery and stability.

Passive Resistance

Ended during recovery period in Germany.

Dawes Plan

US loans helped stabilize German economy.

Germany joins League

Germany admitted to League of Nations (1926).

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement by 60+ nations to renounce war.

Great Depression

Cause: Overproduction. Too many goods, not enough buyers.

Buying on Margin

Borrowing money to invest in stocks.

Stock Market Crash

Occurred in 1929, triggered global depression.

Keynesian Economics

Government spending to stimulate economy.

John Maynard Keynes

Advocated deficit spending during downturns.

Popular Front (France)

Coalition of left-wing groups, 'French New Deal'.

Scandinavian Model

High taxes + social services.

Retreat from Democracy

Countries turning to authoritarian rule.

Cause of Dictatorships

Economic instability + postwar resentment.

Use of Propaganda

Mass media to control population.

Charismatic Leaders

Leaders portrayed as heroic and infallible.

Fascism

Authoritarian, nationalist, anti-democratic ideology.

Spanish Civil War

Conflict where fascism was tested before WWII.

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of Spain.

League of Nations Failure

Did not intervene in major conflicts.

Hitler Ideology

Race-based, Aryan supremacy.

Volksgemeinschaft

'People’s community' unified by race.

Mussolini Ideology

State above everything.

Stalin Economy

Command economy; no private property.

Hitler Economy

Private property allowed but controlled.

Mussolini Economy

Corporatism (workers + employers organized by state).

State Atheism (Stalin)

Suppression of religion.

Mussolini & Church

Coexisted with Catholic Church.

Hitler Religion

'Positive Christianity' aligned with Nazi ideas.

Totalitarianism

Total state control over public and private life.

Propaganda Goal

Create image of 'infallible leader'.

Youth Indoctrination

Hitler Youth, Balilla, Komsomol.

Economic Control

State-directed economies.

Mass Culture

Use of media like radio and film.

Triumph of the Will

Nazi propaganda film.

Joseph Goebbels

Nazi propaganda minister.

Big Lie Theory

Repeating lies makes people believe them.

Lost Generation

Disillusioned post-WWI writers.

Ernest Hemingway

Famous Lost Generation author.

Dadaism

Art movement rejecting logic; life has no meaning.

Surrealism

Focus on dreams and unconscious.

Salvador Dalí

Surrealist artist.

Stream of Consciousness

Writing style showing thoughts.

James Joyce

Wrote 'Ulysses'.

Virginia Woolf

Used inner monologues.

Carl Jung

Psychologist; archetypes theory.

Archetypes

Universal symbolic patterns.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Cannot measure position and momentum simultaneously.

Appeasement

Giving in to demands to avoid war.

Lebensraum

'Living space' for German expansion.

Enabling Act (1933)

Gave Hitler dictatorial powers.

Rearmament (1935)

Germany rebuilt military.

Rhineland (1936)

Germany remilitarized region.

Rome-Berlin Axis

Alliance between Germany and Italy.

Anschluss

Annexation of Austria (1938).

Sudetenland

Demanded German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia.

Munich Conference

Appeasement agreement (1938).

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Nonaggression pact between Hitler and Stalin.

Invasion of Poland

Start of WWII (1939).

Blitzkrieg

Fast, 'lightning war' strategy.

Soft Underbelly

Strategy Allies attacked weaker southern Europe.

Island Hopping

Allied Pacific strategy.

Phony War

Period of little fighting early in WWII.

Battle of Britain

Air battle; Britain defended with RAF and radar.

Erwin Rommel

German general 'Desert Fox'.

Allied Advantage

Industry, technology, USSR manpower.

Turning Point Europe

Stalingrad.

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack, US enters war.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 invasion of Normandy.

Battle of the Bulge

Last German offensive.

VE Day

Victory in Europe.

Midway

Turning point in Pacific.

Iwo Jima

Strategic island battle.

Okinawa

Major Pacific battle.

Hiroshima

Atomic bomb dropped Aug 6, 1945.

Nagasaki

Atomic bomb dropped Aug 9, 1945.

Civilian Impact

Mass deaths, displacement, destruction.

Rationing

Limiting consumer goods.

Scrap Drives

Collecting materials for war.

Women in Workforce

Worked in factories.

Tehran Conference

Planned D-Day.

Yalta Conference

Discussed postwar Europe.

Potsdam Conference

Tensions between US and USSR.

Cold War Beginning

Tension between Truman and Stalin.

Holocaust

Systematic genocide of Jews and others.

Antisemitism

Long-standing prejudice against Jews.

Mein Kampf

Hitler’s book blaming Jews.

Master Race

Aryan racial superiority belief.

Nuremberg Laws

Removed Jewish citizenship.

Kristallnacht

Night of Broken Glass; anti-Jewish violence.

SS St. Louis

Ship of Jewish refugees turned away.

Ghettos

Segregated Jewish areas.

Wannsee Conference

Planned Final Solution.

Final Solution

Nazi plan to exterminate Jews.

Treaty of Versailles

Main peace treaty after WWI that punished Germany.

War Guilt Clause

Blamed Germany for WWI (Article 231).