Peace and Conflict in the Middle East Midterm 1

5 languages of the MENA

arabic, turkish, farsi, kurdish, hebrew

4 ethnic groups of the MENA

arab, turks, persians, kurds

3 Abrahamic religions

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

who are the Kurds?

ethnic minority in the MENA spread out across 5 countries

what 3 things can Kurdistan mean?

northern Iraq (autonomous region), the general area that is spread out over 5 countries, specific areas of each country they inhabit

do the MENA countries that house Kurds want them to be independent?

no

who did the Sunni believe should be the rightful successor after the passing of Muhammed?

Abu Bakr (popularly elected by the community)

who did the Shia believe should be the rightful successor after the passing of Muhammed?

Ali (son-in-law of Muhammed)

is Shia or Sunni more globally predomiant?

Sunni

name the states that have a Shia majority

Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Bahrain

name the 5 Levant states

Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Israel

name the 5 north African states

Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt

name the 7 Arabian Peninsula states

Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

name the 8 oil rich states

Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Iran

millet system definition

self-governing communities that had a “hands-off rule”; didn’t provide defense or security for the people

what happened during WWI?

internal Arab Revolt against the Turks, in which the Arab sided with the Allies

who encroached on the Ottoman Empire and how did they do it?

Britain, France, Italy through starting commerce and trade with communities, collaborate on infrastructure, pacts, military deals, taking over territories

the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans resulted in the loss of what?

Central Powers

who is Sharif Husayn?

Arab elite who was the self-proclaimed leaders of the Arabs

what was the promise of the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence (1915-1916)?

Arabs get their own country free of Ottoman rule after WWI

what were the motivations of Sharif Husayn?

expand and consolidate his power

what were the motivations of European powers?

win war by weakening the Ottoman Empire through internal revolt

what were the 2 points of the Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)?

partition and occupy Arab states into Colonies, promised Palestine to the Jews of Europe as a homeland

who was the Sykes-Picot Agreement between?

Britain and France

what countries were part of the French mandates?

Lebanon, Syria

what countries were part of the British mandates?

Palestine, Transjordan, Mesopotamia

what was happening during the inter-war period through WWII?

former Ottoman territories became pseudo-states under British and French occupation

modern Zionist movement definition

political goal—for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine—born in Europe during the late 19th century

2 causes of the modern Zionist movement

oppressed in Europe (Hitler, second class citizens, etc.), Biblical ties (God promised them Israel)

what was the goal of the World Zionist Organization?

establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine

2 sub-organizations of the World Zionist Movement

Jewish National Fund, Palestine Land Development Company

goal of the Jewish National Fund

purchase land in Palestine

goal of the Palestine Land Development Company

assist new immigrants in Palestine

what is the claim of Palestinian people for their land

they were there first

Balfour Declaration definition

British promise to the Jews for a national home in Palestine

what was the goal of the Balfour Declaration?

help win WWI by having the Jews on the British side

how did the Jewish immigration and land purchases happen?

British seized land owned by Palestinian peasants, who typically didn’t have land titles, and sold it to the Jews during and after the war

what strengthened the “never again” mindset of the Jews?

Holocaust

Resolution 181 definition

partitioning of Palestine that had a Palestinian state, Jewish state with unlimited immigration, and international status on Jerusalem

who did Resolution 181 favor and how?

Jews, by giving them more fertile/water-rich land

why did Resolution 181 favor the Jews?

sympathy from the UN General Assembly due to race and cultural affinities and the Judeo-Christian value connections

who rejected Resolution 181?

Palestine

who accepted Resolution 181?

Israel

what caused the War of 1948?

Israel declared its existence

what are the 2 outcomes of the War of 1948?

Israel annexed 1/3 more land than Resolution 181, creation of 750,000 Palestinian refugees today

3 unresolved outcomes of the 1967 Six Day War

Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories

Occupation of East Jerusalem

Israeli settlements on Palestinian land

3 outcomes of the 1967 Six Day war

Israel occupies Sinai, Golan Heights, West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem

More Palestinian refugees

More defensible borders for Israel